Chapter 3 Flashcards
what mountain ranges divide europe from asia?
Ural and Caucasus
europe is considered the westernmost _____ of Eurasia
peninsula
what oceans surround europe?
above from left to right: north atlantic, artic ocean
below from left to right: mediterranean sea, black sea, and caspian sea
russia is ____________
transcontinental
treated as own region
europe has about ____ countries
50
europe has a _____ population density
high
population is _____ distributed within a continent
unevenly
countries in western region of europe
france, germany, switz, austria, belgium, netherlands
countries in northern region of europe
UK, norway, sweden, finland, estonia, latvia, lithuania
countries in eastern region of europe
poland, ukraine, romaina, belarus, bulgaria
countries in southern region of europe
spain, portugal, croatia, greece, italy
the physical isolation of the greek city-state caused …
them to often fight among themselves
where was the Persian empire located today?
modern day Iran
battle of thermopylae
story of 300 Spartans famously held off the Persian army for a short time
one of the largest land-empires in history was centered on ________, under the leader _________
Macedonia, Alexander the Great
the Levant
eastern edge of Roman Empire
meaning: to rise
roman empire grew so large, it split into two pieces:
west ruled from Rome, east ruled from Constantinople
shortly after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, _____ spread very rapidly (622-750) from its source in ______
Islam; Saudi Arabia
what country has the largest Muslim population?
Kosovo (96%)
natural border between france and spain, as well as where the Islamic expansion in france was stopped
Pyrenees Mountains
1580: Byzantium is now the _______
(Islamic) Ottoman Empire
Industrial Revolution
1750-1850
started in the United Kingdom
4 main machines of the industrial revolution
textiles - spinning mule (clothing)
steam power - steam engine (coal)
iron making
gas lighting
_____ publishes the Communist Manifesto in 1848
Karl Marx
nation-state
state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit; implies the nation and state coincide geographically
the balkan peninsula
power vacuum
greece, macedonia, albania, B+H, bulgaria, croatia, montenegro, romania, serbia and slovenia
balkanization
the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other
what is going on during the Balkan wars (1912-1913)?
serbia, germany, and russia want to expand
ottoman empire is weak
overall conflicts over colonial expanison
triple entente
russia, france, britain
triple alliance
italy, austria-hungary, germany
who did the balkans aid during WWI?
triple entente, alliance and ottoman empire
who did the ottoman empire ally with?
the triple alliance
schlieffen plan
devised for WWI to knock France out of the war before Russia could mobilize through belgium
DID NOT WORK! actually made war worse, causing UK to join war
______________ in 1917 ends the eastern front of WWI
Russian revolution
important immediate outcomes of WWI
yugoslavia created
czechoslovakia created
LON created
rise of fascism in italy
communists in power in russia (now USSR)
union of soviet socialist republicans (1922-1991)
USSR created from much of eastern europe and russia
large population, strongly centered in west
yugoslavia after 1929 means
South Slavs
nationalism
nation congruent with state
Czechoslovakia carved from
germany austria and south poland after WWI
who was seen as the instigator of WWI?
germany!
what price did WWI cost germany?
- vast strategic and rich portions of land
- all colonies abroad
- can’t develop military again after war
- require to pay reparations
League of Nations (LON)
forerunner of the UN
established 1919-1946
brainchild of US president woodrow wilson
greatest extend: 58 members
what did the US do after WWI?
retreat into isolationism
head of european fascism
benito mussolini (1922-1943)
european fascism
“state above all”
authoritarian democracy
what was thought to cause the build up to WWII?
LON was “toothless”, didn’t insert themselves/punish in conflicts
Nazi-Soviet Pact
represents end of LON, invade Poland together
Manstein plan
similar to Schlieffen plan, but actually works!
france surrenders after only a month in june 1940, worst military defeat ever
germany surprise attacks ____ june 1941
USSR; doesn’t really work
where does US arrive via operation torch in november 1942
Morocco
what route does US take to get to france from morocco?
UK to france; ending in D-day june 1944
why does germany surrender to US in 1945?
thought we would be better in terms of treatment
eastern front was _____ and_______
larger; bloodier
exclave
part of a country that is not physically continuous with the rest of it
____ percent of germany’s population was killed
11
what happened to berlin after WWII?
divided into four parts (UK, US, USSR, France) even though it is in deep soviet territory
what dominants the UN?
the security council
who is permanent members of the security council?
victors of WWII
US, UK, france, USSR/Russia, China
west berlin is considered a …
political enclave
enclave
territory that is completely surrounded by another (single) country
NATO
“keep russians out, americans in, germans down”
collective defense agreement, attack on one of these countries is attacking all of these countries
BeNeLux countries
belgium
netherlands
luxembourg
NATO countries
BeNeLux
UK
France
US
Canada
Portugal
Italy
Norway
Denmark
Iceland
marshall plan
rebuild war-torn western europe
- more US markets
- stop the spread of communism
Warsaw Pact/Eastern Bloc
prompted by west germany joining NATO
collective defense agreement:
Poland
East Germany
Czech
Hungary
Albania
Bulgaria
Romania
cold war (1947-1991)
europe is quiet, proxy wars fought elsewhere
unwritten rule of cold war
soviets never fought US and vice versa!
__________ in eastern Bloc countries increasingly apparent the end of the cold war, aka the ____________
economic rot; era of stagnation
what dissolves in December 1991
USSR
choke-point
small area where trade needs to pass through
british overseas territory located at the southern tip of the ___________
iberian peninsula
the iberian peninsula is a strategic _______ controlling entry into the ________
choke-point; mediterranean sea
british isles consists of
UK and all of ireland
United Kingdom
constitutional monarchy
6th largest economy
lasting global impact via colonialism
closest ally of US
UK is the union of what 4 primary elements
england
wales
scotland
northern ireland
western europe is typically ______, __________ with mixed economies
high-income; democratic
when did yugoslavia finally dissolve and who had a prominent though controversial role in it?
2005; NATO
