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Human Disease > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

disease that are caused by microoganisms
-contributing factors: poverty, lack of access to health care, antibiotic resistance, evolving human migration pattern, new infectious agents, environmental changes
-leading cause of death: diarrheal diseases

A

infectious disease

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2
Q

any microorganism that causes and infection disease

A

pathogen

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3
Q

infectious disease that is transmitted human to human

A

contagious

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4
Q

capability of an infectious disease to be spread human to human

A

communicable

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5
Q

study of the occurrence, distribution, transmission, and control of any disease

A

epidemiology

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6
Q

rate of appearance of new cases of a disease

A

indidence

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7
Q

percent of population that is affected with a disease

A

prevalence

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8
Q

a disease that is always present at low levels in a population

A

endemic

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9
Q

sudden occurrence of a disease in large numbers in specific area

A

epidemic

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10
Q

epidemic that has spread world wide

A

pandemic

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11
Q

sudden appearance of disease, unexpected numbers

A

outbreak

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12
Q

diseases that must be reported to Center for Disease (CDC)

A

notifiable disease

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13
Q

spread of infectious disease from an infected to a susceptible human; two types: direct and indirect transmission

A

horizontal transmission of infectious disease

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14
Q

infectious disease that contracted by direct contact with reservoir; modes of transfer: airborne, direct contact, fecal oral, and body fluids

A

direct transmission

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15
Q

infectious disease acquired from pathogen that can survive outside of host
-fomites: inanimate objects contaminated with pathogen
-vector: live organism contaminated with pathogen

A

indirect transmission

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16
Q

infectious disease that is spread from one generation to the next

A

vertical transmission

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17
Q

habitat of a pathogen, potential source of infectious disease (whoever or whatever is hosting the pathogen)

A

reservoir

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18
Q

disease associated with medial encounters: medical personnel, medical equipment, and medical procedures

A

nosocomial (aka iatrogenic)

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19
Q

normal bacteria in the body

A

normal flora

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20
Q

normal population of bacteria in the body

A

microbiota

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21
Q

segregation of infected from non infected

A

isolation

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22
Q

period of isolation of potentially infected person

A

quarantine

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23
Q

reducing the risk of infection or contamination

A

disinfection

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24
Q

infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans (HIV, HBV, HBC)

A

bloodborne pathogen

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25
Q

infectious microbe, nucleic acid molecule, protein coat, multiply only in living cells, infect animals and plants

A

virus

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26
Q

doesn’t reproduce after invading cell

A

latent infection

27
Q

disease producing microorganisms, unicellular with cell walls, lack organelles and organized nucleus
-endotoxin: potent toxin secreted from bacteria
-classification: shape, gram stain reaction, biochemical characteristics

A

bacteria

28
Q

distinguishes between two large groups of bacteria
-positive: pink
-negative: purple

A

gram stain

29
Q

locomotion with pseudopodia, cell membrane extensions for movement and phagocytosis, amebic dysentery

A

amoeboids (protozoan pathogen)

30
Q

locomotion with whip like appendage, sleeping sickness

A

flagellates (protozoan pathogen)

31
Q

not capable of mobility, malaria

A

sporozoans (protozoan pathogen)

32
Q

infections involving worm like pathogens

A

helminths

33
Q

rigid cell wall surrounding each hyphae

A

chitlin (fungi)

34
Q

fungal filaments used for absorbing nutrients

A

mycelia (fungi)

35
Q

individual cells

A

hyphae (fungi)

36
Q

broken off hyphae, reproductive fragmer

A

spores (fungi)

37
Q

infections caused by fungi

A

mycoses

38
Q

resistant to antiboitics, opportunistic (thrive in immunosuppressed)
-two major classes: Tinea and Candidia
-two considerations for treatments: superficial (skin) mycoses and systemic mycoses

A

fungi

39
Q

drugs used to treat bacterial infections, antibiotic resistance (bacterial drug resistance)

A

antibiotics

40
Q

treatment of infectious diseases that include nucleic acid analogues and interferons

A

antivirals

41
Q

treatment of infectious diseases
-topical: Candidiasis
-systemic-Tinea

A

antifungals

42
Q

medication that inhibits the growth or viability of an infectious microbe

A

antibiotic

43
Q

active against a limited range or bacterium, i.e. gram positive only

A

narrow spectrum antibiotics

44
Q

having a wide range of activity against both gram positive and gram negative organisms

A

broad spectrum antibiotics

45
Q

use of an antibiotic to prevent a disease or a process that can lead to disease (preventive strike)

A

prophylactic

46
Q

use of an antibiotic because experience and reasoning, suggest that certain signs and symptoms are caused by a bacterial infection (pre-emptive strike)

A

empiric

47
Q

use of an antibiotic because we have confirmed evidence that a bacterial infection is present (defensive strike)

A

rational

48
Q

classification of antibiotics

A
  1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. inhibition of protein synthesis
  3. inhibition of nucleic acid
  4. injury to plasma cell membrane
  5. inhibition of essential metabolites
49
Q

nucleic acid analogues mimic correct DNA or RNA bases, interfere with assembly of new virus particles within the cell or interfere with the attachment of viruses to host cells

A

antivirals

50
Q

target cell walls and membranes, affect human cells, topical agents are effective

A

antifungal

51
Q

interfere with protein synthesis and metabolism, sensitive to medications that paralyze protozoal muscles or interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, resistant microorganisms evolve rendering existing treatment useless

A

antiprotozoal

52
Q

increase in incidents of new infection or uncommon infection

A

emerging infectious diseases

53
Q

increase in prevalence after being uncommon

A

re-emerging infectious diseases

54
Q

presentation of antigens from a microorganism to provoke an immune response, contain dead bacteria/extracted antigens/deactivated toxins/viral particles/ or genetically engineered proteins, have been used to eliminate disease

A

vaccination

55
Q

highly contagious disease
-Rubeola virus
-respiratory droplets or airborne transmission
-fever, cough, runny nose and fatigue
-rash (Koplik spots)
-pain and fever reduces: part of MMR vaccine

A

measles (common childhood vaccine)

56
Q

paramuxovirus
-respiratory secretions, saliva, fomities
-headache and fever, swelling and pain of parotid glands
-treatment is same as measles and in MMR vaccine

A

mumps (common childhood vaccine)

57
Q

highly contagious disease
-Rubella virus
-flu like symptoms, with or without rash
-part of MMR vaccine

A

rubella (common childhood vaccine)

58
Q

highly contagious bacterial infection
-Bordella pertussis
-respiratory droplets
-fever and upper respiratory symptoms
-persistent cough with stridor
-antibiotics are used for treatment, pertussis is part of DPT vaccine

A

whooping cough (common childhood vaccine)

59
Q

highly contagious bacterial disease
-Corynebacterium diptheriae
-respiratory droplets
-low grade fever and sore throat
-bacterial toxin coats thick layer in the nose and throat causes respirator problems
-this toxin can damage kidney, heart, and nervous system
-50% patients die without treatment
-antibiotics and antitoxin used as treatment, pertussis is part of DPT vaccine

A

diphtheria (common childhood vaccine)

60
Q

bacterial infection
-Clostridium tetani
-found in contaminated soil, animal excrement and enter the body via wound
-bacterial toxin affect the nervous system
-stiff neck, lock jaw, muscle spasms and difficulty swallowing
-treatments include antibiotics and injection of tetanus Ig to neutralize the toxin, part of DPT vaccine

A

tetanus (common childhood vaccine)

61
Q

contagious viral infection
-Varicella zoster virus
-60 million cases worldwide each year
-spread by direct contact, droplet and airborne transmission
-runny nose or stuffy nose, sneezing, fever, and cough, itchy rash on the chest and face
-fever and pain reliever, vaccine available

A

chickenpox (common childhood vaccine)

62
Q

bacteria that causes meningitis and pneumonia
-spread by respiratory droplets
-cough, fever, chills, lack of appetite, extreme sleepiness, headache, stiff neck or back
-antibiotics is used and vaccine is available

A

haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) (common childhood vaccine)

63
Q

bacteria that causes meningitis, upper/lower respiratory disease
-1 million children killed each year worldwide under age 5
-transmitted by respiratory droplets
-fever, chills, headache, ear pain, cough, chest pain
-antibiotics is used and vaccine is available

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (common childhood vaccine)

64
Q
A

Human Disease (3 decks)

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