Chapter 3 Flashcards
disease that are caused by microoganisms
-contributing factors: poverty, lack of access to health care, antibiotic resistance, evolving human migration pattern, new infectious agents, environmental changes
-leading cause of death: diarrheal diseases
infectious disease
any microorganism that causes and infection disease
pathogen
infectious disease that is transmitted human to human
contagious
capability of an infectious disease to be spread human to human
communicable
study of the occurrence, distribution, transmission, and control of any disease
epidemiology
rate of appearance of new cases of a disease
indidence
percent of population that is affected with a disease
prevalence
a disease that is always present at low levels in a population
endemic
sudden occurrence of a disease in large numbers in specific area
epidemic
epidemic that has spread world wide
pandemic
sudden appearance of disease, unexpected numbers
outbreak
diseases that must be reported to Center for Disease (CDC)
notifiable disease
spread of infectious disease from an infected to a susceptible human; two types: direct and indirect transmission
horizontal transmission of infectious disease
infectious disease that contracted by direct contact with reservoir; modes of transfer: airborne, direct contact, fecal oral, and body fluids
direct transmission
infectious disease acquired from pathogen that can survive outside of host
-fomites: inanimate objects contaminated with pathogen
-vector: live organism contaminated with pathogen
indirect transmission
infectious disease that is spread from one generation to the next
vertical transmission
habitat of a pathogen, potential source of infectious disease (whoever or whatever is hosting the pathogen)
reservoir
disease associated with medial encounters: medical personnel, medical equipment, and medical procedures
nosocomial (aka iatrogenic)
normal bacteria in the body
normal flora
normal population of bacteria in the body
microbiota
segregation of infected from non infected
isolation
period of isolation of potentially infected person
quarantine
reducing the risk of infection or contamination
disinfection
infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans (HIV, HBV, HBC)
bloodborne pathogen
infectious microbe, nucleic acid molecule, protein coat, multiply only in living cells, infect animals and plants
virus
doesn’t reproduce after invading cell
latent infection
disease producing microorganisms, unicellular with cell walls, lack organelles and organized nucleus
-endotoxin: potent toxin secreted from bacteria
-classification: shape, gram stain reaction, biochemical characteristics
bacteria
distinguishes between two large groups of bacteria
-positive: pink
-negative: purple
gram stain
locomotion with pseudopodia, cell membrane extensions for movement and phagocytosis, amebic dysentery
amoeboids (protozoan pathogen)
locomotion with whip like appendage, sleeping sickness
flagellates (protozoan pathogen)
not capable of mobility, malaria
sporozoans (protozoan pathogen)
infections involving worm like pathogens
helminths
rigid cell wall surrounding each hyphae
chitlin (fungi)
fungal filaments used for absorbing nutrients
mycelia (fungi)
individual cells
hyphae (fungi)
broken off hyphae, reproductive fragmer
spores (fungi)
infections caused by fungi
mycoses
resistant to antiboitics, opportunistic (thrive in immunosuppressed)
-two major classes: Tinea and Candidia
-two considerations for treatments: superficial (skin) mycoses and systemic mycoses
fungi
drugs used to treat bacterial infections, antibiotic resistance (bacterial drug resistance)
antibiotics
treatment of infectious diseases that include nucleic acid analogues and interferons
antivirals
treatment of infectious diseases
-topical: Candidiasis
-systemic-Tinea
antifungals
medication that inhibits the growth or viability of an infectious microbe
antibiotic
active against a limited range or bacterium, i.e. gram positive only
narrow spectrum antibiotics
having a wide range of activity against both gram positive and gram negative organisms
broad spectrum antibiotics
use of an antibiotic to prevent a disease or a process that can lead to disease (preventive strike)
prophylactic
use of an antibiotic because experience and reasoning, suggest that certain signs and symptoms are caused by a bacterial infection (pre-emptive strike)
empiric
use of an antibiotic because we have confirmed evidence that a bacterial infection is present (defensive strike)
rational
classification of antibiotics
- inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- inhibition of protein synthesis
- inhibition of nucleic acid
- injury to plasma cell membrane
- inhibition of essential metabolites
nucleic acid analogues mimic correct DNA or RNA bases, interfere with assembly of new virus particles within the cell or interfere with the attachment of viruses to host cells
antivirals
target cell walls and membranes, affect human cells, topical agents are effective
antifungal
interfere with protein synthesis and metabolism, sensitive to medications that paralyze protozoal muscles or interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, resistant microorganisms evolve rendering existing treatment useless
antiprotozoal
increase in incidents of new infection or uncommon infection
emerging infectious diseases
increase in prevalence after being uncommon
re-emerging infectious diseases
presentation of antigens from a microorganism to provoke an immune response, contain dead bacteria/extracted antigens/deactivated toxins/viral particles/ or genetically engineered proteins, have been used to eliminate disease
vaccination
highly contagious disease
-Rubeola virus
-respiratory droplets or airborne transmission
-fever, cough, runny nose and fatigue
-rash (Koplik spots)
-pain and fever reduces: part of MMR vaccine
measles (common childhood vaccine)
paramuxovirus
-respiratory secretions, saliva, fomities
-headache and fever, swelling and pain of parotid glands
-treatment is same as measles and in MMR vaccine
mumps (common childhood vaccine)
highly contagious disease
-Rubella virus
-flu like symptoms, with or without rash
-part of MMR vaccine
rubella (common childhood vaccine)
highly contagious bacterial infection
-Bordella pertussis
-respiratory droplets
-fever and upper respiratory symptoms
-persistent cough with stridor
-antibiotics are used for treatment, pertussis is part of DPT vaccine
whooping cough (common childhood vaccine)
highly contagious bacterial disease
-Corynebacterium diptheriae
-respiratory droplets
-low grade fever and sore throat
-bacterial toxin coats thick layer in the nose and throat causes respirator problems
-this toxin can damage kidney, heart, and nervous system
-50% patients die without treatment
-antibiotics and antitoxin used as treatment, pertussis is part of DPT vaccine
diphtheria (common childhood vaccine)
bacterial infection
-Clostridium tetani
-found in contaminated soil, animal excrement and enter the body via wound
-bacterial toxin affect the nervous system
-stiff neck, lock jaw, muscle spasms and difficulty swallowing
-treatments include antibiotics and injection of tetanus Ig to neutralize the toxin, part of DPT vaccine
tetanus (common childhood vaccine)
contagious viral infection
-Varicella zoster virus
-60 million cases worldwide each year
-spread by direct contact, droplet and airborne transmission
-runny nose or stuffy nose, sneezing, fever, and cough, itchy rash on the chest and face
-fever and pain reliever, vaccine available
chickenpox (common childhood vaccine)
bacteria that causes meningitis and pneumonia
-spread by respiratory droplets
-cough, fever, chills, lack of appetite, extreme sleepiness, headache, stiff neck or back
-antibiotics is used and vaccine is available
haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) (common childhood vaccine)
bacteria that causes meningitis, upper/lower respiratory disease
-1 million children killed each year worldwide under age 5
-transmitted by respiratory droplets
-fever, chills, headache, ear pain, cough, chest pain
-antibiotics is used and vaccine is available
Streptococcus pneumoniae (common childhood vaccine)
