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Human Disease > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

body’s ability to resist disease of infection; recognition of ‘self’ from ‘non-self’

A

immunity

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2
Q

to protect the body the immune system:

A
  1. attacks antigens to help prevent infection or reduce inflammation
  2. removed damaged or dead cells to assist in maintaining homeostasis
  3. maintains a vigilant watch to protect the body from cells that are alien to the body
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3
Q

large protein also called immunoglobulin; produced by plasma cells and carried on the surface of B cells that binds with and neutralizes an antigen

A

antibody

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4
Q

any substance (i.e. bacteria or virus) that induces immune response within the cell(s) that it comes into contact with

A

antigen

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5
Q

principle component of the primary and secondary response to an antigen; activates complement

A

IgG

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6
Q

first antibody produced in the primary response to an antigen

A

IgM

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7
Q

protects mucosal surfaces by interfering with the ability of pathogens to adhere to cells

A

IgA

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8
Q

stimulates the release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammatory response

A

IgE

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9
Q

activates B cells

A

IgD

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10
Q

an antigen that causes an allergic reaction

A

allergen

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11
Q

an antigen that causes disease, usually an infection (commonly a microorganism like bacteria, fungus, or virus)

A

pathogen

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12
Q

innate (born with it), immediate and short term antigen protection, barrier and cellular

A

nonspecific immunity

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13
Q

responds and remembers single antigen; humoral immunity (circulating) and cell mediated immunity

A

specific immunity

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14
Q

engulf and destroy pathogens; neutrophils (blood) and macrophages (skin)- go to site of injury or infection

A

phagocytes

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15
Q

not phagocytes; lymphocytes- eliminate viruses and cancer cells

A

natural killer cells

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16
Q

destroy foreign cells (i.e. bacteria)

A

compliment proteins (specialized protein)

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17
Q

antiviral/ increase activity of macrophages

A

interferon (specialized protein)

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18
Q

abnormally high body temperature that slows the growth of pathogens, stimulates phagocytes and antibody production

A

fever

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19
Q

prevents spread of pathogens and disposes of cell debris

A

inflammatory response

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20
Q

immunity due to action of circulating antibodies, antibodies are produced by B-cells (lymphocytes) and defend against extracellular toxins

A

humoral immunity (specific immunity)

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21
Q

immunity due to action of T-cells (lymphocytes); helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

A

cell mediated immunity (specific immunity)

22
Q

aggregation (clumping) of antigen-antibody reactions, detects presence of bacteria or virus

A

agglutination reaction (diagnostic testing)

23
Q

use of an enzyme to label an antigen or antibody, used to detect specific infections diseases

A

enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (diagnostic testing)

24
Q

detects presence of antibodies in tissue (i.e. HIV)

A

western blot (diagnostic testing)

25
Q

tags antibody with fluoresent marker to observe antigen bond

A

fluorescent antibody techniques (diagnostic testing)

26
Q

counts WBCs that are attached to specific antigen

A

flow cytometry (diagnostic testing)

27
Q

measures inflammation in vessels

A

C-reactive protein (diagnostic testing)

28
Q

measures inflammation in tissues

A

erythrocyte sedimentation (diagnostic testing)

29
Q

development of antibodies to one’s own tissue

A

autoimmunity

30
Q

antibodies that evolve from autoimmunity

A

autoantibodies

31
Q
  1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  2. Cutaneous (Discoid)
  3. Drug induced
  4. Neonatal
A

Lupus (autoimmune disease)

32
Q

-signs/symptoms: fever, fatigue, Butterfly rash, arthritis, Raynaud’s (starts in joints and progresses to internal organs)

-diagnosis: history, physical exam, blood test (Rheumatoid testing)

-treatment: NSAID’s/ glucocorticoids (steroids)

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

33
Q

affects only the skin (Discoid and Butterfly rash), may develop systemic lupus)

A

Cutaneous (Discoid) Lupus

34
Q

more than 70 different prescription drugs, signs and symptoms similar to SLE however it rarely affects the organs; disappears within days to months after discontinuing drug

A

Drug-induced Lupus

35
Q

rare condition, maternal autoantibodies; characterized by a rash

A

Neonatal Lupus

36
Q

chronic autoimmune disease; thickening and tightening of skin and joints
1. Localized
2. Systemic

-signs/symptoms: Raynaud’s phenomenon, pain in two or more joints, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath

-diagnosis: thorough medical history, physical exam, no single test will confirm

-treatment: no cure, avoid exposure to sun and cold

A

Scleroderma

37
Q

restricted to skin; abnormal build up of fibrous tissue causes the skin to tighten so severely that the fingers curl and lose mobility

A

Localized Scleroderma (LSC)

38
Q

limited cutaneous SSC and diffuse cutaneous SSC

A

Systemic sclerosis scleroderma

39
Q

Affects the hormone glands

-signs/symptoms: dry eyes and mouth, kidney failure, Atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), can mimic menopause

-diagnosis: through medical history and physical examination, tear and salvia, autoantibody, lip or salivary gland test

-treatment: has no cure, over the counter medications for dry eyes and mouth, NSAID’s, vasodilators, immunosuppressive

A

Sjogren’s Syndrome

40
Q

Extreme immune response to a harmless antigen, also known as hypersensitivity
1. Immediate (Type I)
2. Cytotoxic (Type II)
3. Immune complex (Type III)
4. Delayed (Type IV)

-diagnosis: Skin test (Skin prick, intradermal, and skin patch), Blood testing (Allergen specific IgE)

-treatment: mediations (1st generation antihistamines- Benadryl, 2nd generation antihistamines- Claritin, 3rd generation antihistamines- Allegra) and Allergy shots

A

Allergy

41
Q

An antigen that inducers an allergic or hypersensitive response

A

Allergen

42
Q

Most common type, local allergy, triggered by IgE that releases histamine and may lead to generalized anaphylaxis
-response time: 15-30 minutes
-examples: hay fever, hives

A

Type I- Anaphylactic or Immediate hypersensitivity

43
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity causes a systemic, acute allergic response that may be life threatening
-allergens found in food like peanuts or latex or medications

-signs/symptoms: drop in BP, narrowing of airways, rapid and weak pulse, hives, nausea, vomiting

-treatment: Antihistamine, corticosteroids and epinephrine

A

Anaphylaxis

44
Q

IgM and IgG cause destruction of foreign cells
-response time: minutes to hours
-example: incompatible blood transfusion, Rh incompatibility

A

Type II-Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

45
Q

Immune complex hypersensitivity, antigens combining with antibodies, immune complexes deposit in the tissue and blood vessels where they trigger inflammation and tissue destruction
-response time: 3-8 hours

A

Type III- Antigen Antibody complex

46
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity, chemicals released due to the action of T cells
-response time: 48-72 hours
-example: poison ivy, poison oak (use Corticosteroids)

A

Type IV- Delayed hypersensitivity

47
Q

-transmission through contaminated boy fluids
-Infects cells that have CD4 antigen (helper T cells) by targets antigen presenting cells needed for normal immune response
-inside T cells virus is transported to lymph noted via attaching to host cell
-virus enters host cells and converts RNA to viral DNA using normal DNA; viral DNA replicates in host cell using normal cell process

-two major effects: 1. Increased viral load and 2. Decreased CD4 cells

-stages of infection: 1. Primary HIV infection 2. Clinically asymptomatic 3. Symptomatic HIV 4. Progression from HIV to AIDS

-defining conditions:
1. Presence of an AIDS defining malignancy
-Kaposi sarcoma and Lymphoma
2. Two opportunistic pathogens
-Pneuomitis carinii and Mycobacterium TB
3. CD4 count of less than 200 cells

-diagnosis: ELISA testing

-treatment: antiviral therapy (ART)- no cure

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

48
Q

Immune system is incompetent or unable to respond effectively to the presence of HIV (adult classification of disease)

A

Immunodeficiency

49
Q
  1. Flu like symptoms
  2. Positive antibody test
  3. Persistent lymphadenopathy
  4. CD4 count 200-500 cells
A

Primary asymptomatic HIV

50
Q
  1. Candidiasis
  2. Herpes
  3. Fever
  4. CD4 count 200-500 cells
A

Symptomatic HIV

51
Q

Idiopathic cancer of immune system

-signs/symptoms: lymph node enlargement (painless), unexplained weight loss, Dyspnea and chest pain, fever and night sweats, itchy skin, coughing

-diagnosis: CBC, biopsy, imaging, Reed Sternberger cell

-treatment: chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

52
Q

Idiopathic cancer of lymphocytes

-signs/symptoms: lymph node enlargement (painless)/unexplained weight loss, swelling of abdomen (non ascites), dyspnea and chest pain, fever and night sweats, fatigue, itchy skin

-diagnosis: CBC, lack of Reed Sternberger cells, bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture, physical exam, complete blood count, Lactate dehydrogenase test

-treatment: chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant, watch and wait, radiation therapy, anti inflammatory medication

A

Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Human Disease (3 decks)

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