Chapter 2 Flashcards
body’s ability to resist disease of infection; recognition of ‘self’ from ‘non-self’
immunity
to protect the body the immune system:
- attacks antigens to help prevent infection or reduce inflammation
- removed damaged or dead cells to assist in maintaining homeostasis
- maintains a vigilant watch to protect the body from cells that are alien to the body
large protein also called immunoglobulin; produced by plasma cells and carried on the surface of B cells that binds with and neutralizes an antigen
antibody
any substance (i.e. bacteria or virus) that induces immune response within the cell(s) that it comes into contact with
antigen
principle component of the primary and secondary response to an antigen; activates complement
IgG
first antibody produced in the primary response to an antigen
IgM
protects mucosal surfaces by interfering with the ability of pathogens to adhere to cells
IgA
stimulates the release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammatory response
IgE
activates B cells
IgD
an antigen that causes an allergic reaction
allergen
an antigen that causes disease, usually an infection (commonly a microorganism like bacteria, fungus, or virus)
pathogen
innate (born with it), immediate and short term antigen protection, barrier and cellular
nonspecific immunity
responds and remembers single antigen; humoral immunity (circulating) and cell mediated immunity
specific immunity
engulf and destroy pathogens; neutrophils (blood) and macrophages (skin)- go to site of injury or infection
phagocytes
not phagocytes; lymphocytes- eliminate viruses and cancer cells
natural killer cells
destroy foreign cells (i.e. bacteria)
compliment proteins (specialized protein)
antiviral/ increase activity of macrophages
interferon (specialized protein)
abnormally high body temperature that slows the growth of pathogens, stimulates phagocytes and antibody production
fever
prevents spread of pathogens and disposes of cell debris
inflammatory response
immunity due to action of circulating antibodies, antibodies are produced by B-cells (lymphocytes) and defend against extracellular toxins
humoral immunity (specific immunity)
immunity due to action of T-cells (lymphocytes); helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells
cell mediated immunity (specific immunity)
aggregation (clumping) of antigen-antibody reactions, detects presence of bacteria or virus
agglutination reaction (diagnostic testing)
use of an enzyme to label an antigen or antibody, used to detect specific infections diseases
enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (diagnostic testing)
detects presence of antibodies in tissue (i.e. HIV)
western blot (diagnostic testing)
tags antibody with fluoresent marker to observe antigen bond
fluorescent antibody techniques (diagnostic testing)
counts WBCs that are attached to specific antigen
flow cytometry (diagnostic testing)
measures inflammation in vessels
C-reactive protein (diagnostic testing)
measures inflammation in tissues
erythrocyte sedimentation (diagnostic testing)
development of antibodies to one’s own tissue
autoimmunity
antibodies that evolve from autoimmunity
autoantibodies
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Cutaneous (Discoid)
- Drug induced
- Neonatal
Lupus (autoimmune disease)
-signs/symptoms: fever, fatigue, Butterfly rash, arthritis, Raynaud’s (starts in joints and progresses to internal organs)
-diagnosis: history, physical exam, blood test (Rheumatoid testing)
-treatment: NSAID’s/ glucocorticoids (steroids)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
affects only the skin (Discoid and Butterfly rash), may develop systemic lupus)
Cutaneous (Discoid) Lupus
more than 70 different prescription drugs, signs and symptoms similar to SLE however it rarely affects the organs; disappears within days to months after discontinuing drug
Drug-induced Lupus
rare condition, maternal autoantibodies; characterized by a rash
Neonatal Lupus
chronic autoimmune disease; thickening and tightening of skin and joints
1. Localized
2. Systemic
-signs/symptoms: Raynaud’s phenomenon, pain in two or more joints, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath
-diagnosis: thorough medical history, physical exam, no single test will confirm
-treatment: no cure, avoid exposure to sun and cold
Scleroderma
restricted to skin; abnormal build up of fibrous tissue causes the skin to tighten so severely that the fingers curl and lose mobility
Localized Scleroderma (LSC)
limited cutaneous SSC and diffuse cutaneous SSC
Systemic sclerosis scleroderma
Affects the hormone glands
-signs/symptoms: dry eyes and mouth, kidney failure, Atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), can mimic menopause
-diagnosis: through medical history and physical examination, tear and salvia, autoantibody, lip or salivary gland test
-treatment: has no cure, over the counter medications for dry eyes and mouth, NSAID’s, vasodilators, immunosuppressive
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Extreme immune response to a harmless antigen, also known as hypersensitivity
1. Immediate (Type I)
2. Cytotoxic (Type II)
3. Immune complex (Type III)
4. Delayed (Type IV)
-diagnosis: Skin test (Skin prick, intradermal, and skin patch), Blood testing (Allergen specific IgE)
-treatment: mediations (1st generation antihistamines- Benadryl, 2nd generation antihistamines- Claritin, 3rd generation antihistamines- Allegra) and Allergy shots
Allergy
An antigen that inducers an allergic or hypersensitive response
Allergen
Most common type, local allergy, triggered by IgE that releases histamine and may lead to generalized anaphylaxis
-response time: 15-30 minutes
-examples: hay fever, hives
Type I- Anaphylactic or Immediate hypersensitivity
Immediate hypersensitivity causes a systemic, acute allergic response that may be life threatening
-allergens found in food like peanuts or latex or medications
-signs/symptoms: drop in BP, narrowing of airways, rapid and weak pulse, hives, nausea, vomiting
-treatment: Antihistamine, corticosteroids and epinephrine
Anaphylaxis
IgM and IgG cause destruction of foreign cells
-response time: minutes to hours
-example: incompatible blood transfusion, Rh incompatibility
Type II-Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Immune complex hypersensitivity, antigens combining with antibodies, immune complexes deposit in the tissue and blood vessels where they trigger inflammation and tissue destruction
-response time: 3-8 hours
Type III- Antigen Antibody complex
Delayed hypersensitivity, chemicals released due to the action of T cells
-response time: 48-72 hours
-example: poison ivy, poison oak (use Corticosteroids)
Type IV- Delayed hypersensitivity
-transmission through contaminated boy fluids
-Infects cells that have CD4 antigen (helper T cells) by targets antigen presenting cells needed for normal immune response
-inside T cells virus is transported to lymph noted via attaching to host cell
-virus enters host cells and converts RNA to viral DNA using normal DNA; viral DNA replicates in host cell using normal cell process
-two major effects: 1. Increased viral load and 2. Decreased CD4 cells
-stages of infection: 1. Primary HIV infection 2. Clinically asymptomatic 3. Symptomatic HIV 4. Progression from HIV to AIDS
-defining conditions:
1. Presence of an AIDS defining malignancy
-Kaposi sarcoma and Lymphoma
2. Two opportunistic pathogens
-Pneuomitis carinii and Mycobacterium TB
3. CD4 count of less than 200 cells
-diagnosis: ELISA testing
-treatment: antiviral therapy (ART)- no cure
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Immune system is incompetent or unable to respond effectively to the presence of HIV (adult classification of disease)
Immunodeficiency
- Flu like symptoms
- Positive antibody test
- Persistent lymphadenopathy
- CD4 count 200-500 cells
Primary asymptomatic HIV
- Candidiasis
- Herpes
- Fever
- CD4 count 200-500 cells
Symptomatic HIV
Idiopathic cancer of immune system
-signs/symptoms: lymph node enlargement (painless), unexplained weight loss, Dyspnea and chest pain, fever and night sweats, itchy skin, coughing
-diagnosis: CBC, biopsy, imaging, Reed Sternberger cell
-treatment: chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Idiopathic cancer of lymphocytes
-signs/symptoms: lymph node enlargement (painless)/unexplained weight loss, swelling of abdomen (non ascites), dyspnea and chest pain, fever and night sweats, fatigue, itchy skin
-diagnosis: CBC, lack of Reed Sternberger cells, bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture, physical exam, complete blood count, Lactate dehydrogenase test
-treatment: chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant, watch and wait, radiation therapy, anti inflammatory medication
Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
