Chapter 3 Flashcards
Bioenergetics is defined as
The flow of energy in a biological system
The conversion of macro nutrients to biologically usable forms of energy
catabolism is defined as the
Breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules associated with the release of energy
Exergonic reactions are defined as
 Energy releasing reactions that are generally catabolic
anabolism is defined as
The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules can be accomplished using energy released from catabolic reactions
Endergonic reactions are those that require
Energy including anabolic process is a contraction of a muscle
Metabolism is the
total of all the catabolic and exergonic and anabolic endergonic reaction’s in a biological system
adenosine tri phosphate is defined as a molecule that allows for the transfer of energy from —- to —– reactions
exergonic to endergonic
The chemical structure of ATP molecules includes
Adenosine tri phosphate group and locations of high energy chemical bonds
The hydrolysis of ATP breaks the terminal phosphate bond and then
releases energy and leaves ADP and inorganic phosphate and a hydrogen ion
The hydrolysis of ADP breaks the
terminal phosphate bond releases energy and leaves AMP inorganic phosphate and a hydrogen ion
There are three basic energy systems that exist in muscle cells to replenish Atp what are they?
Phosphagen system
Glycolysis
Oxidative system
Atp from the phosphogen system is primarily from short term….
high intensity activities and it’s active at the start of All Exercise
creatine kinase catalyzes the synthesis of
ATP from creatine phosphate and ADP
The body does not store enough—-for Exercise
ATP
ATP stored in the body is used for
Basic cellular function
The Phosphagen system uses — —- reaction to maintain the concentration of Atp
Creatine kinase
The fastest way to replenish Atp rapidly is through the
Phosphagen system
The law of mass action identifies that
Concentrations of reactants or products in a solution will drive the direction of the reactions
The law of mass action sums up by saying
If you have a lot of ATP stores, the body will not make it
in short duration exercise the primary energy system will be
The phosphogen system
Glycolysis is used to
Break down carbohydrates- either glycogen stored in the blood or glucose delivered in the blood to resynthesize Atp
Three outputs of glycolysis include
ADP
ATP
NAD+ , NADH 
Glycolysis has an end result in the production of
Pyruvate
Pyruvate resulting from glycolysis can be converted to
Lactate
The Lactaid from pyruvate pyruvate through glycolysis can be used to resynthesize
atp at a faster rate
pyruvate from glycolosis can also be shuttled to the
Mitochondria
Pyruvate from glycolysis in the mitochondria undergoes the
Krebs cycle
in the Krebs cycle Atp resynthesize is at a slower rate but can occur
For longer duration for exercise intensity that is low
The Krebs cycle is an aerobic cycle also known as
Slow glycolysis
When pyruvate converts to lactate the process is sometimes called
Fast glycolysis
fast glycolysis has the formation of lactate from pyruvate catalyzed by the enzyme
Lactate dehydrogenase
The end result of the conversion from pyruvate to lactate is not
Lactic acid
Lactate resulting from fast glycolysis from the conversion of pyruvate is not the cause of cellular
Fatigue
The probable cause of cellular fatigue from fast glycolysis is
hydrogen build up
The output of fast glycolysis is lactate Atp and
Water
Lactate can be transported in the blood to the liver where it can be converted to
Glucose
Lactates conversion to glucose in the liver is called the
cori cycle
The buildup of hydrogen ions that cause fatigue cause a drop in
PH
The Krebs cycle is also known as what type of glycolysis
Slow glycolysis
In the Krebs cycle pyruvate enters the mitochondria in his converted to
acetyl CoA
acetyl CoA can enter
The Krebs cycle
NADH molecules from the Krebs cycle enter the
Electron transport system
The electron transport system is used to resynthesize
Atp
The output of the Krebs cycle is
2 pyruvate
2 atp
2 NADH
2 H2O
The outcome of fast glycolysis is
2 lactate
2 Atp and water
The energy yielded from glycolysis from one molecule of blood glucose yields
2 Atp
The energy output from glycolysis from muscle glycogen yields a net of
Three ATP molecules
glycolysis is stimulated by
High concentrations of ADP , Pi and ammonia
Slight decrease in pH and AMP
Inhibition of glycolysis is marked by lower
PH, Atp, creatine phosphate, citrate, and free fatty acids
Rate limiting enzymes for glycolysis include
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase
When pH gets low glycolysis does not
work well
When glycolysis does not work well our bodies shifts to
The oxidative system
Lactate threshold is the
exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate levels begin to abruptly increase above the baseline concentration
Lactate threshold is the marker of
The anaerobic threshold
Lactate threshold begins at— in untrained individuals
50 to 60% of maximal oxygen uptake
lactate threshold begins at —- In arobically trained individuals
 70 to 80%
There is an advantage to moving the lactate threshold to the right allowing you to
Exercise for a longer duration and intensity
Trained people have a better use of aerobic energy systems and lactate leading to a shift in the lactate threshold to the
Right
onset of blood lactate accumulation is the
 Second increase in the rate of lactate accumulation
The onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) occurs at
higher relative intensities of exercise
onset of blood lactate accumulation occurs when
concentration of blood lactate reaches 4 millimolars per liter
oxidative/glucose and glycogen oxidation is the primary source of—- At—-.
atp
At rest or low intensity activities
The glycogen oxidation for oxidative process can use— or—as substrates
Carbohydrates or fats
glucose and glycogen oxidation metabolize blood glucose and muscle glycogen which begins with —– And leads to the —-
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
NADH & FADH molecules transporting hydrogen ions into the
Electron transport chain out of the Krebs cycle
Out of the electron transport chain hydrogen combines with oxygen to create
Water
The body can make energy through oxidative processes in three ways, what are they?
carbohydrates
Fats
Pro Tien
In fat oxidation triglycerides stored in fat cells can be broken down by
Hormone sensitive lipase
Inside oxidation the release of fatty acids from fat cells into the blood where they can
Circulate and enter muscle fibers
Some fatty acids come from
Intermuscular sources
Free fatty acids enter in the mitochondria and are
Broken down to form acetyl CoA and hydrogen protons
The least significant source of energy for most activities is
Proteins
In protein oxidation protein is broken down into
Amino acids
The conversion of amino acids into glucose pyruvate or Krebs cycle intermediates can produce
Atp
Control of the oxidative systems reside with isocitrate dehydrogenase which is stimulated by the
Introduction of a DP
The control of oxidative systems coming from iso citrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by
ATP
The rate of the Krebs cycle is also reduced is
NAD + and FAD + are not available in sufficient quantities to except hydrogen
The electron transport chain is stimulated by
ADP
The electron transport chain is inhibited by
Atp
If you’re not taking an enough oxygen to combine with hydrogen the Krebs cycle will
Not work
Metabolism of fat carbohydrate and protein shares
Common pathways
Fats carbohydrate and protein can all be reduced to
Acetyl-CoA
There is an inverse relationship between an energy system maximum rate of ATP production and
The total amount of ATP it is capable of producing overtime
The extent of each energy system and its contributions to ATP production depends on
Intensity of muscular activity and secondarily on duration
At any one time during exercise or rest no single energy system
Provides the complete supply of energy
activity duration and energy systems table
While running the Phosphagen system creatine phosphate can decrease
50 to 70% in the first 5 to 30 seconds of high intensity exercise
While running the Phosphagen system high intensity exercise can cause
Exercise to exhaustion of Atp
Repleading the Phosphagen system post exercise can be done by the synthesizing Atp in
3 to 5 minutes
Repleading of the Phosphagen system can be done by the resynthesis of creatine phosphate which can occur within
Eight minutes

Add exercise intensity above 60% of Maximo oxygen uptake muscle glycogen becomes
An increasingly important energy substrate
Muscle glycogen during recovery post exercise can be done with
Carbohydrate ingestion
repletion of carbohydrates after intense exercise is optimal at
.7 to 3.0 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight ingested every two hours following exercise
limiting factors in the bioenergetic system table
oxygen deficit is when you’re using
Anaerobic energy systems until you hit a steady state run
excess post exercise oxygen consumption is defined as
Oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to pre-exercise condition
Low intensity steady state exercise metabolism table
Low intensity steady state exercise metabolism includes a maximal oxygen uptake of
75%
High intensity steady state exercise includes a maximum power output of
 80%
The required VO2 for high intensity studies State Exercise includes no ability to
Meet oxygen demand oxygen deficit last for the duration of the exercise
Anaerobic versus aerobic metabolism includes a switch in energy systems as duration of the exercise goes on
Appropriate exercise intensity and rest intervals allows for the
Selection of the specific energy system during training
The result of selecting a specific energy system during training can be
Effective and productive regimes for specific athletic events with various metabolic demands
Interval training emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for more effective
Energy transfer within the metabolic pathways are using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest
Interval training to transpacific energy systems table
High intensity interval training is defined as
Repeat bouts of high intensity exercise with intermittent recovery. Stew illicit cardio pulmonary metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations
Cumulative duration and intensity of active portions in high intensity interval training should equal
Seven minutes above 90% VO2 max
High intensity interval training works well for
Team sports
Suggested work ratio for high intensity interval training is
Greater than 1 to 1
When used in conjunction with other training sessions high intensity interval training can
Result in greater stress and risk of injury
Combination training is
Counter productive in most strength and power sports
in combination training adds
 Aerobic endurance training to training of anaerobic athletes in order to enhance recovery
combination training may reduce
Anaerobic performance capabilities particularly high strength and high-power performance
combination training can reduce the gain in
Muscle girth maximum strength speed and power related performance
Limiting Factors Ic
