Chapter 1 Flashcards
Skeletal system is composed of how many bones in the adult body
206
The skeletal system provides
Leverage support and protection
When the skeletal system is held on by muscles it allows
The body to push and pull against external objects
Major bones that make up the skeletal system…
In the skeletal system the axial consist of the….
 Skull, vertebral column (C1 through coccyx), ribs and sternum
In the skeletal system appendicular consists of….
shoulder girdle, bones, arms, chest, hands and pelvic girdle, bones in legs ankles and feet.
Define joint….
Junctions of bones
What is the definition of a fibrous joint?
Allow virtually no movement
Example: the sutures of the skull
Define a cartilaginous joint.
Allows limited moment
Example : in vertebral
Identify the definition of a Synovial joint
Allows considerable movement
Example : Elbows and Knees
identify three types of synovial joints…
- Uniaxial
- Biaxial
- Multiaxial
A uniaxial synovial joint includes one that…
Operates as a hinge
Rotates around one axis
example : elbow
A biaxial synovial joint includes one that…..
Operating two perpendicular axes
Example : ankle and wrist
A multiaxial synovial joint is one that…
Allows movement and all three axes
Example : shoulder and hip
Define the vertebral column…
Vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow for movement
The cervical vertebra includes:
The neck region
Seven disks
The thoracic vertebra includes
upper back
12
The lumbar vertebrae include
Lower back
Five
The sacral vertebrae include
make up the rear of the pelvis
Fused and act as a single unit
Five 
The coccygeal vertebrae include
 Form a vestigial tail extending down from the pelvis
3 to 5 depending on the person
The muscular system has what two types of structure?
Macro structure and micro structure
each skeletal muscle is an —- That contains….
organ
Muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels
Fibrous connective tissue covers the body’s more than
430 skeletal muscles
The integrated system of skeleton and muscle allow…
Muscle to move
muscle is surrounded by…
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
The Epimysium around the muscle is the..
Outer layer
The Perimysium surrounds each…
Fasical, or group of fibers in the muscle
the Endomysium surrounds
Individual fibers
A motor unit consists of a
Motor neuron and muscle fibers at innervates
A single motor unit can innervate how many fibers?
Hundreds of muscle fibers
Defined the parts of a muscle fiber…
The sarcoplasmic reticulum allows for…
Tubes that allow substances into the fiber and prompt contraction
Contraction of a muscle fiber uses protein filaments called
Myosin and actin
myosin is a —— sized filament
Thick
Actin is a —- size filament
thin.
Myosin and actin filaments give skeletal muscle what type of appearance
A striated appearance
myofibrils are made up of sections of
Sarcomere
The contact point between myosin and actin is called a
Cross bridge
picture of myocin and actin
The discharge of the action potential from a motor unit signals
The release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the Myofibrillar 
calcium released into the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes
the start of muscle contraction
The sliding filament theory states that
Actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere side inward on myosin filaments
When actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments they pull
They pull z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and shorten the muscle fiber
Muscle Myofibrillar shortens and ultimately produces
Force
The H zone in the myofibrils of a muscle include
Unattached portions of myosin filament 
In a stretched muscle the items in the H zone are
Elongated
In a scratched muscle the I Band and H Zone are elongated and there is no force potential due to….
Reduced cross-bridge actin alignment
When a muscle contracts the I and H bands …
shortened
When a muscle is completely contracted there is what type of force attention
Low force potential due to reduced Crossbridge Acton alignment.
When a muscle is completely contracted it has hit
maximum potential; all the forces already happened
what are the five phases to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Resting phase
Excitation contraction coupling phase
Contraction phase
Recharge phase
Relaxation phase
In the excitation-contraction coupling phase of the sliding filament theory what happens
Calcium moves Troponin which moves tryptomyacin out-of-the-way and allows easier bonding between myosin and actin
in the contraction phase of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction what happens…
Power stroke continues as long as Calcium and ATP are available
In the recharge phase of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction what happens….
myosin heads continuously repeat action 
in the relaxation phase of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction what happens 
Stimulation of the motor nerve stops and calcium cause back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Stimulation for muscle contraction stops when
Calcium goes back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum or ATP is gone
what dictates the force produced by a muscle?
The number of cross bridges that formed between myosin and actin in an instant of time;
and something telling the motor unit to contract
What two things are necessary for cross bridge cycling myosin and actin filament
Calcium and ATP
in the neural muscular system the activation of muscles happens when
The action potential arrives at the nerve terminal and releases acetylcholine
once a significant amount of acetylcholine is released at the terminal what is generated across the Sarcolemma
An action potential is generated and the fiber contracts
The extent of control of a muscle depends on the
Number of muscle fibers within each motor unit
precision muscles may have as little as
One muscle fiber per motor unit
Muscles that require less per session may have
several hundred fibers served by 1 motor unit
A stronger action potential doesn’t necessarily mean you will get
A stronger firing from the tissue
The All or None Principle identifies that….
muscle fibers in a motor unit contract and develop force at the same time 
Stephanie about a murder hornet twitch twitch summation and tetanus
The neuromuscular system has three main types of muscle fibers what are they
Type1 slow twitch
type2 a fast twitch
type 2x fastest twitch
type one muscle fibers predominantly Run…
Aerobically
muscle fiber types…
Motor units are composed of muscle fibers with specific
Morphological and physiological characteristics that determine their functional capacity
Variation in the amount of force by activity of different motor units is explained by
there are various composition of muscle fibers 
What are the two ways that the force output of a muscle be varied
To change in frequency and activation of individual motor units
change in the number of activated motor units
muscle propriceptors are specialized sensory receptors that provide
Central nervous system with information needed to maintain muscle tone
Propriceptors allow us to perform
Contacts coordinated movements
Muscle spindles instantaneously react against
an opposite force
When a muscle is stretched already formed the muscle spindle activates the
Sensory neuron sends an impulse to the spinal cord
when a muscle spindle sensory neuron is activated and sends an impulse to the spinal cord it then
synapsis with the motor neuron causing muscle contraction.
The propriceptor known as the Golgi tendon organ is located where?
located on tendons near the mayo tendinous junction
Golgi tendon organs occur in a series with
extrafusal muscle fibers
The Golgi tendon organ’s respond to extremely heavy loads placed on a muscle by
An inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord which synapsis with inhibitory motor neurons and release the muscle
 athletes can improve force production by doing training in
Heavier loads in order to optimize neural recruitment
Performance by increasing the cross sectional area of muscles involved in
The desired activity
how can athletes improve force production by performing multi muscle multi joint exercises?
Explosive actions to optimize fast twitch muscle recruitment
how many interconnected pumps does the heart have?
2 interconnected but separate pumps
what does the right ventricle pump do in the heart
Blood to the lungs
What does the left ventricle pump do to the heart
blood to the rest of the body; everything other than the lungs
Heart valves prevent
Blood backflow
name the four major valves in the heart
Tri cuspid valve mitral valve aortic valve and pulmonary valve
What opens and closes a valve passively
The pressure gradient
Heart valves and ventricles picture
The conductive system is also known as the
Electrical system in the heart
Rhythmicity and conduction properties of myocardium include influenced by the cardiovascular center of the
Medulla
Rhythmicity and conduction properties of myocardium include signals transmitted through
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Brandycardia with a heart rest averages at
Less than 60 bpm
Trachycardia is based on a fight or flight response and is generally identified as being
greater than 100 bpm
 An electrocardiogram records
A graphic representation of electrical activity of the heart at the surface of the body
The QRS complex in electrical impulses goes through what three electrical activity producers in the heart
The SA node
The AV node
And the bundle contracting the heart
Blood vessels in the heart operate in a
Closed circuit system
The arterial system in the heart carries
Blood away from the heart
The venous system in the heart
Returns blood towards the heart
The percent values between the arterial system and the venous system in the heart indicate
The distribution of blood volume throughout the circulatory system at rest
The venous system provides a lot of storage for
Blood in the body
In the cardiovascular system blood vessels include three things
arteries
Capillaries
Veins
arteries take blood
Out to tissues
Capillaries carry blood
Within tissues
veins bring blood back to the heart for
Rest, generation
In blood hemoglobin transports
Oxygen and serves as an acid base buffer
In blood carbon dioxide removal is facilitated by
Red blood cells
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system
Transport nutrients and remove waste products to maintain homeostasis
The cardiovascular system transports oxygen from the lungs
To the tissues for used in cellular metabolism
The cardiovascular system transports carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs where
Carbon dioxide gets removed from the body
A picture of the respiratory system
The respiratory system provides an exchange of
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
what controls the movement of air and expired gases in and out of the lungs
 The lungs ability to expand and recoil
The plural pressure within the lungs is the
Pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest pleura
The plura is the
membrane envelope in the lungs and lining the chest wall
Negative plural pressure allows lungs to
Expand fully when we inhale
alveolar pressure is the
 Pressure inside the alveoli where the Glottis is open and no more air is blowing into or out of the lungs
Alveolar pressure causes an inward flow of air during
Inscription
during inscription the alveoli pressure must
Fall to a value slightly below atmospheric pressure
during expiration alveolar pressure must
 Rise above atmospheric pressure
Define the process of diffusion in the lungs
motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane
