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Strength & Conditioning > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system is composed of how many bones in the adult body

A

206

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2
Q

The skeletal system provides

A

Leverage support and protection

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3
Q

When the skeletal system is held on by muscles it allows

A

The body to push and pull against external objects

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4
Q

Major bones that make up the skeletal system…

A
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5
Q

In the skeletal system the axial consist of the….

A

 Skull, vertebral column (C1 through coccyx), ribs and sternum

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6
Q

In the skeletal system appendicular consists of….

A

shoulder girdle, bones, arms, chest, hands and pelvic girdle, bones in legs ankles and feet.

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7
Q

Define joint….

A

Junctions of bones

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8
Q

What is the definition of a fibrous joint?

A

Allow virtually no movement
Example: the sutures of the skull

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9
Q

Define a cartilaginous joint.

A

Allows limited moment
Example : in vertebral

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10
Q

Identify the definition of a Synovial joint

A

Allows considerable movement
Example : Elbows and Knees

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11
Q

identify three types of synovial joints…

A
  1. Uniaxial
  2. Biaxial
  3. Multiaxial
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12
Q

A uniaxial synovial joint includes one that…

A

Operates as a hinge
Rotates around one axis
example : elbow

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13
Q

A biaxial synovial joint includes one that…..

A

Operating two perpendicular axes
Example : ankle and wrist

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14
Q

A multiaxial synovial joint is one that…

A

Allows movement and all three axes
Example : shoulder and hip

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15
Q

Define the vertebral column…

A

Vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow for movement

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16
Q

The cervical vertebra includes:

A

The neck region
Seven disks

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17
Q

The thoracic vertebra includes

A

upper back
12

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18
Q

The lumbar vertebrae include

A

Lower back
Five

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19
Q

The sacral vertebrae include

A

make up the rear of the pelvis
Fused and act as a single unit
Five 

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20
Q

The coccygeal vertebrae include

A

 Form a vestigial tail extending down from the pelvis
3 to 5 depending on the person

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21
Q

The muscular system has what two types of structure?

A

Macro structure and micro structure

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22
Q

each skeletal muscle is an —- That contains….

A

organ
Muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels

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23
Q

Fibrous connective tissue covers the body’s more than

A

430 skeletal muscles

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24
Q

The integrated system of skeleton and muscle allow…

A

Muscle to move

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25
Q

muscle is surrounded by…

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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26
Q

The Epimysium around the muscle is the..

A

Outer layer

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27
Q

The Perimysium surrounds each…

A

Fasical, or group of fibers in the muscle

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28
Q

the Endomysium surrounds

A

Individual fibers

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29
Q

A motor unit consists of a

A

Motor neuron and muscle fibers at innervates

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30
Q

A single motor unit can innervate how many fibers?

A

Hundreds of muscle fibers

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31
Q

Defined the parts of a muscle fiber…

A
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32
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum allows for…

A

Tubes that allow substances into the fiber and prompt contraction

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33
Q

Contraction of a muscle fiber uses protein filaments called

A

Myosin and actin

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34
Q

myosin is a —— sized filament

A

Thick

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35
Q

Actin is a —- size filament

A

thin.

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36
Q

Myosin and actin filaments give skeletal muscle what type of appearance

A

A striated appearance

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37
Q

myofibrils are made up of sections of

A

Sarcomere

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38
Q

The contact point between myosin and actin is called a

A

Cross bridge

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39
Q

picture of myocin and actin

A
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40
Q

The discharge of the action potential from a motor unit signals

A

The release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the Myofibrillar 

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41
Q

calcium released into the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes

A

the start of muscle contraction

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42
Q

The sliding filament theory states that

A

Actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere side inward on myosin filaments

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43
Q

When actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments they pull

A

They pull z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and shorten the muscle fiber

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44
Q

Muscle Myofibrillar shortens and ultimately produces

A

Force

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45
Q

The H zone in the myofibrils of a muscle include

A

Unattached portions of myosin filament 

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46
Q

In a stretched muscle the items in the H zone are

A

Elongated

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47
Q

In a scratched muscle the I Band and H Zone are elongated and there is no force potential due to….

A

Reduced cross-bridge actin alignment

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48
Q

When a muscle contracts the I and H bands …

A

shortened

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49
Q

When a muscle is completely contracted there is what type of force attention

A

Low force potential due to reduced Crossbridge Acton alignment.

50
Q

When a muscle is completely contracted it has hit

A

maximum potential; all the forces already happened

51
Q

what are the five phases to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

A

Resting phase
Excitation contraction coupling phase
Contraction phase
Recharge phase
Relaxation phase

52
Q

In the excitation-contraction coupling phase of the sliding filament theory what happens

A

Calcium moves Troponin which moves tryptomyacin out-of-the-way and allows easier bonding between myosin and actin

53
Q

in the contraction phase of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction what happens…

A

Power stroke continues as long as Calcium and ATP are available

54
Q

In the recharge phase of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction what happens….

A

myosin heads continuously repeat action 

55
Q

in the relaxation phase of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction what happens 

A

Stimulation of the motor nerve stops and calcium cause back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

Stimulation for muscle contraction stops when

A

Calcium goes back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum or ATP is gone

57
Q

what dictates the force produced by a muscle?

A

The number of cross bridges that formed between myosin and actin in an instant of time;
and something telling the motor unit to contract

58
Q

What two things are necessary for cross bridge cycling myosin and actin filament

A

Calcium and ATP

59
Q

in the neural muscular system the activation of muscles happens when

A

The action potential arrives at the nerve terminal and releases acetylcholine

60
Q

once a significant amount of acetylcholine is released at the terminal what is generated across the Sarcolemma

A

An action potential is generated and the fiber contracts

61
Q

The extent of control of a muscle depends on the

A

Number of muscle fibers within each motor unit

62
Q

precision muscles may have as little as

A

One muscle fiber per motor unit

63
Q

Muscles that require less per session may have

A

several hundred fibers served by 1 motor unit

64
Q

A stronger action potential doesn’t necessarily mean you will get

A

A stronger firing from the tissue

65
Q

The All or None Principle identifies that….

A

muscle fibers in a motor unit contract and develop force at the same time 

66
Q

Stephanie about a murder hornet twitch twitch summation and tetanus

A
67
Q

The neuromuscular system has three main types of muscle fibers what are they

A

Type1 slow twitch
type2 a fast twitch
type 2x fastest twitch

68
Q

type one muscle fibers predominantly Run…

A

Aerobically

69
Q

muscle fiber types…

A
70
Q

Motor units are composed of muscle fibers with specific

A

Morphological and physiological characteristics that determine their functional capacity

71
Q

Variation in the amount of force by activity of different motor units is explained by

A

there are various composition of muscle fibers 

72
Q

What are the two ways that the force output of a muscle be varied

A

To change in frequency and activation of individual motor units
change in the number of activated motor units

73
Q

muscle propriceptors are specialized sensory receptors that provide

A

Central nervous system with information needed to maintain muscle tone

74
Q

Propriceptors allow us to perform

A

Contacts coordinated movements

75
Q

Muscle spindles instantaneously react against

A

an opposite force

76
Q

When a muscle is stretched already formed the muscle spindle activates the

A

Sensory neuron sends an impulse to the spinal cord

77
Q

when a muscle spindle sensory neuron is activated and sends an impulse to the spinal cord it then

A

synapsis with the motor neuron causing muscle contraction.

78
Q

The propriceptor known as the Golgi tendon organ is located where?

A

located on tendons near the mayo tendinous junction

79
Q

Golgi tendon organs occur in a series with

A

extrafusal muscle fibers

80
Q

The Golgi tendon organ’s respond to extremely heavy loads placed on a muscle by

A

An inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord which synapsis with inhibitory motor neurons and release the muscle

81
Q

 athletes can improve force production by doing training in

A

Heavier loads in order to optimize neural recruitment

82
Q

Performance by increasing the cross sectional area of muscles involved in

A

The desired activity

83
Q

how can athletes improve force production by performing multi muscle multi joint exercises?

A

Explosive actions to optimize fast twitch muscle recruitment

84
Q

how many interconnected pumps does the heart have?

A

2 interconnected but separate pumps

85
Q

what does the right ventricle pump do in the heart

A

Blood to the lungs

86
Q

What does the left ventricle pump do to the heart

A

blood to the rest of the body; everything other than the lungs

87
Q

Heart valves prevent

A

Blood backflow

88
Q

name the four major valves in the heart

A

Tri cuspid valve mitral valve aortic valve and pulmonary valve

89
Q

What opens and closes a valve passively

A

The pressure gradient

90
Q

Heart valves and ventricles picture

A
91
Q

The conductive system is also known as the

A

Electrical system in the heart

92
Q

Rhythmicity and conduction properties of myocardium include influenced by the cardiovascular center of the

A

Medulla

93
Q

Rhythmicity and conduction properties of myocardium include signals transmitted through

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

94
Q

Brandycardia with a heart rest averages at

A

Less than 60 bpm

95
Q

Trachycardia is based on a fight or flight response and is generally identified as being

A

greater than 100 bpm

96
Q

 An electrocardiogram records

A

A graphic representation of electrical activity of the heart at the surface of the body

97
Q

The QRS complex in electrical impulses goes through what three electrical activity producers in the heart

A

The SA node
The AV node
And the bundle contracting the heart

98
Q

Blood vessels in the heart operate in a

A

Closed circuit system

99
Q

The arterial system in the heart carries

A

Blood away from the heart

100
Q

The venous system in the heart

A

Returns blood towards the heart

101
Q

The percent values between the arterial system and the venous system in the heart indicate

A

The distribution of blood volume throughout the circulatory system at rest

102
Q

The venous system provides a lot of storage for

A

Blood in the body

103
Q

In the cardiovascular system blood vessels include three things

A

arteries
Capillaries
Veins

104
Q

arteries take blood

A

Out to tissues

105
Q

Capillaries carry blood

A

Within tissues

106
Q

veins bring blood back to the heart for

A

Rest, generation

107
Q

In blood hemoglobin transports

A

Oxygen and serves as an acid base buffer

108
Q

In blood carbon dioxide removal is facilitated by

A

Red blood cells

109
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport nutrients and remove waste products to maintain homeostasis

110
Q

The cardiovascular system transports oxygen from the lungs

A

To the tissues for used in cellular metabolism

111
Q

The cardiovascular system transports carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs where

A

Carbon dioxide gets removed from the body

112
Q

A picture of the respiratory system

A
113
Q

The respiratory system provides an exchange of

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

114
Q

what controls the movement of air and expired gases in and out of the lungs

A

 The lungs ability to expand and recoil

115
Q

The plural pressure within the lungs is the

A

Pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest pleura

116
Q

The plura is the

A

membrane envelope in the lungs and lining the chest wall

117
Q

Negative plural pressure allows lungs to

A

Expand fully when we inhale

118
Q

alveolar pressure is the

A

 Pressure inside the alveoli where the Glottis is open and no more air is blowing into or out of the lungs

119
Q

Alveolar pressure causes an inward flow of air during

A

Inscription

120
Q

during inscription the alveoli pressure must

A

Fall to a value slightly below atmospheric pressure

121
Q

during expiration alveolar pressure must

A

 Rise above atmospheric pressure

122
Q

Define the process of diffusion in the lungs

A

motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane

Strength & Conditioning (5 decks)

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