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Child Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genotype and Phenotype

A

Genotype: inherited genetic material
Phenotype:Observed expression of genotype

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2
Q

Chromosome, DNA, and Genes

A

-Chromosome: contain all genetic material
-DNA: the material from which chromosomes are constructed
-Genes: A segment of a chromosome (made up of DNA)

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3
Q

Alleles: homozygous vs heterozygous

A
  • 2 forms of a gene located at the same place on the chromosome
    -Homo: 2 identical alleles
    -Hetero: 2 different alleles
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4
Q

Regulator Genes

A
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5
Q

Patterns of Inheritance: Dominant-Recessive

A

-Under heterozygous conditions, the influence of only one allele is apparent
-Recessive gene disorders: Phenylketonuria, Cystic Fibrosis

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6
Q

Patterns of Inheritance: X-linked

A

-A recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome
-Males more likely to be affected (color blindness, hemophilia)

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7
Q

Patterns of Inheritance: Codominance

A

-Both alleles in a heterozygous combination are expressed

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8
Q

Patterns of Inheritance: Mutation

A

-Sudden, permanent change in a segment of DNA

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9
Q

Chromosomal & Gene Anomalies

A

-Errors in cell division can result in zygotes with extra or missing chromosomes or genes
-Down syndrome (Extra chromosome)
-XYY Syndrome
-Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
-Triple X syndrome (XXX)
-Turner syndrome (XO)

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10
Q

Norm of Reaction

A

-All the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive/ develop

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11
Q

Gene-Environment Interaction: PKU example

A

-Inherited vulnerability and specific environmental conditions are needed to produce a disorder
-Phenylketonuria: Defective gene on chromosome 12 (allows us to metabolize phenylalanine )

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12
Q

Reciprocal Gene-Environment model

A

-Those with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder

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13
Q

Behavior Genetics: Heritability

A

-Extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by genetic factors
-Large population rather than individual

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14
Q

Behavior Genetics: Shared and Nonshared environment Factors

A

-Shared: what family member have in common
-Nonshared: what is distinct among family members

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15
Q

Behavior Genetics: Research Designs

A

-Study that observed nature and nurture between twins and siblings and whether they were raised together or separately

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16
Q

Neurons: Parts of the neuron

A

-Store information and transmit messages to each other
-Cell body, Dendrites, Axon, Terminal Buttons

17
Q

Neurons: Process

A

Nerve impulse
-Dendrites or cell body stimulated
-Travels down axon to terminal buttons
Synapse
-Gap between neurons

18
Q

Neurons: Development

A

How neurons develop → Neurogenesis: Proliferation of neurons through cell division
-42 days after conception
Programmed Cell death: as synapses forms, 20-80% of the neurons around them die
Synaptic Pruning
-Neurons unstimulated→ Loss of synapses
Glial Cells: Cell in the nervous system that form a myelin sheath around certain axons
Myelination→ +brain size

19
Q

Cerebral Cortex: function of each lobe

A

Frontal Lobe: Body movement & coordination
-Primary motor cortex
Temporal Lobe: Body sensations
-Primary Auditory Cortex
Occipital Lobe: Auditory cortex
Parietal Lobe: Visual cortex

20
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Lateralization

A

Left side
-Controls right side of body
- Verbal abilities
- Positive emotion
Right side
-Controls left side of body
- Spatial abilities
- Negative emotions

21
Q

Cerebral Cortex:* plasticity

A

-Capacity of brain changed by experiences
-Experience Expectant: the role of ordinary experiences (parental care) in shaping brain development and learning (time sensitive)
-Experience dependent: Neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a result of experiences (not time sensitive)

22
Q

Nutrition Growth: Food Neophobia

A

-Young children’s unwillingness to eat unfamiliar foods

23
Q

Nutrition Growth: Undernutrition

A

Not getting enough to eat
-decrease in immunity, increase risk of disease, leads to infectious disease

24
Q

Nutrition Growth: Failure to Thrive

A

Infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain weight
-Non organic cause may be due to inability to produce milk or lack of affection

25
Q

Patterns of Inheritance: Polygenic

A

-Much of human development is determined by many genes that individually exert a small effect

Child Psychology (3 decks)

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