Chapter 1

Question 1

History: Plato

Answer 1

1. Believed the long term well being of society depends on properly raising children
2. Emphasized self-control and discipline
3. Believed children are born with innate knowledge

Question 2

History: Aristotle

Answer 2

1. Believed the long term well being of society depends of properly raising children
2. Concerned with fitting child rearing to the needs of the individual child
3. Knowledge comes from experience

Question 3

History: Preformationism (Time period? Effects?)

Answer 3

Medieval Period
-The idea that organisms biologically develop from mini versions of themselves
-Children were viewed as miniature adults –> Early employment

Question 4

History: Puritan Doctrine (Time Period? Effects?)

Answer 4

Reformation
-Puritan Doctrine: Wanted children to learn and avoid the bad and evil/ Taught self control for children
~Tainted by original sin
~Children are born evil and stubborn
~Need to civilize children
~Harsh restrictive parenting

Question 5

History: Locke (Time Period? Contributions?)

Answer 5

Enlightenment Period
John Locke
- Tabula Rasa: Children are born as a “blank slate” and are shaped heavily by their environment
-First instilling discipline then gradually increasing children’s freedom
-Rewards instead of punishment
-Nurture instead of nature

Question 6

History: Social Reform Movement (Time period? Effects?)

Answer 6

Industrial Revolution
-Social reform movement increase in factories, coal mines, & increase in technology
-Came from observation that children are tired from working long hours in bad environments
-First child labor laws that separated them from working adults

Question 7

History: Scientific Child Study (Darwin & the baby biography)

Answer 7

• Developed Baby Biography (A systematic description of William’s -his son- day to day development) method to study children
  -Theory of Evolution: influences research on attachment, innate fears, learning, etc

Question 8

Theme: Nature & Nurture (Epigenetics)

Answer 8

Interaction of genes & environment
Epigenetics: The study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment (How behaviors and environment can change how your body reads a DNA sequence)

Question 9

Theme: Continuity & Discontinuity

Answer 9

-Continuous development: the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments (ex. A tree growing gradually)
-Discontinuous development: the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts (ex. Caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly)

Question 10

Theme: Mechanisms of Development

Answer 10

How does change occur?
-Mediators of development: one variable contributes to development by way of its effect on another variable

Question 11

Theme: Sociocultural Context

Answer 11

Sociocultural Context: The physical, social, cultural, economic, or historical circumstances that make up any child’s environment

Question 12

Scientific Method: Four Steps

Answer 12

An approach to testing beliefs that involve
1. Choosing a question to be answered (research question)
2. Formulating a hypothesis (educated guess) regarding the question
3. Developing a method for testing the hypothesis
4. Using data yielded by the method to draw conclusions regarding the hypothesis

Question 13

Reliability (Definition & two types)

Answer 13

The degree to which independent measure of behavior are CONSISTENT
-Interrater Reliability: the amount of agreement in the observation of different raters who witness the same behavior
-Test-retest reliability: the degree of similarity of a participant’s performance on two or more occasions

Question 14

Validity (Definition & two types)

Answer 14

The degree to which a test measures what it’s intended to measure
-Internal Validity: whether effects observed within experiments can confidently be associated with what the researcher manipulated (confounding variables?)
-External Validity: The degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research (real world conditions)

Question 15

Research Method: Clinical Interview

Answer 15

A procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides
Limitations: Subject to inaccurate reporting; difficult to compare responses across participants

Question 16

Research Method: Structure Interviews and Questionnaires

Answer 16

Self-report instruments in which each participant is asked same questions in same way
Limitations: Doesn’t yield as much info as clinical interview; subject to inaccurate reporting

Question 17

Research Method: Naturalistic Observation

Answer 17

Observation of behavior non natural contexts
Limitations: Lack of control; unequal opportunity to display behavior; observer influence & observer bias

Question 18

Research Method: Structure Observation

Answer 18

Observation of behavior in a laboratory
Limitations: Lack external validity; observer influence & bias

Question 19

History: Rousseau (Time period? Contributions?)

Answer 19

Enlightenment
-Noble Savage: children have innate goodness
-Argued that society should give children freedom from the beginning

Question 20

Theme: Nature & Nurture (Methylation)

Answer 20

Interaction of genes and environment
Methylation: A biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression

Question 21

Theme: Continuity & Discontinuity (Conservation of liquid example)

Answer 21

-At a certain age (specifically 4 in the example), children don’t understand that the amount of water stays constant when transferring it to a different glass. But at 6 they could see that the same amount of water is being transferred.
-Supports the idea that development is discontinuous because of that large shift in belief.

Question 22

Theme: Continuity & Discontinuity (Stage Theories)

Answer 22

Proposes that development occurs in a progression of age-related stages

Question 23

Theme: Sociocultural Context (cross-cultural comparisons)

Answer 23

-Comparing the lives of children who grew up in different cultures
-Practices that are rare or nonexistent in one culture are common in others

Question 24

Theme: Sociocultural Context (socioeconomic status)

Answer 24

A measure of social class based on income and education

Question 25

Theme: Sociocultural Context (cumulative risk)

Answer 25

The accumulation of disadvantages over years of development

Question 26

Correlational Design: Correlation Coefficient

Answer 26

-Describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
-Ranges from +1.00 to -1.00

Question 27

Correlational Design: Directionality Problem

Answer 27

Does not indicated which, if either, variables is the cause of the other

Question 28

Correlational Design: Third Variable Problem

Answer 28

May stem from both being influenced by some third variable

Question 29

Experimental Design: Random Assignment

Answer 29

of participants to two or more groups or conditions

Question 30

Experimental Design: Experimental Control

Answer 30

Ability of research to determine the experiences that children have during the course of an experiments

Question 31

Experimental Design: IV and DV

Answer 31

IV: manipulated
DV: potential changes due to manipulation

Question 32

Research Designs: Cross Sectional

Answer 32

-Participants from different age groups are tested over the same general time period
- Age is confounded with cohort, & causality cannot be determined (directionality problem)

Question 33

Research Designs: Time Lag

Answer 33

-Groups of participants are tested at the same age, but at different times
-Addresses the potentials effects of time/cohort but not directionality problem

Question 34

Research Designs: Longitudinal

Answer 34

-A set of participants are tested at several different ages
-Biased sample
-Selective attrition
-Practice effects
-Cohort effects

Question 35

Research Designs: Sequential

Answer 35

-Participants from several different age groups are tested over several different time periods

Question 36

Research Designs: Mircogenetic