Chapter 2

Question 1

Conception: Epigenesis

Answer 1

Emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development

Question 2

Conception: Gametes

Answer 2

Reproductive cells that contain only half the genetic material of all other cells in the body

Question 3

Conception: Meiosis

Answer 3

Cell division that produces gametes

Question 4

Conception: Zygote

Answer 4

fertilized egg cell

Question 5

Conception: Germinal Period

Answer 5

Begins with conception and lasts until the zygote becomes implanted in the uterine wall. Rapid cell division takes place

Question 6

Conception: Embryonic Period

Answer 6

Weeks 3-8
Following implantation, development occurs in organs and systems of body, through processes of cell division(mitosis), migration, differentiation, and death (apoptosis), as well as hormonal influences

Question 7

Conception: Fetal Period

Answer 7

Weeks 9-25
Continued development of physical structures and rapid growth of the body. Increasing levels of behavior, sensory experience, and learning
-Vernix (Weeks 13-24):waxy white substances that coats the baby’s skin to protect baby from amniotic fluid
-Lanugo (Weeks 13-24): Hair that grows on the baby’s body to insulate body temp and protect skin from amniotic fluid
-Age of viability: Between 22-26 weeks
- Kicking, sucking, can feel pain, reacts to lights and sounds

Question 8

Hazards: Critical Period vs. Sensitive Period

Answer 8

-Critical Period: When a particular type of development/ growth must happen if it is to happen
-Sensitive Period: When a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later

Question 9

Hazards: Teratogens

Answer 9

-A potentially harmful agent (radiation, tobacco use, alcohol, etc.)
- Dose-response relation: more exposure, more risk

Question 10

Hazards: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Answer 10

SIDS has no symptoms or warning signs. Babies who die of SIDS seem healthy before being put to bed. They show no signs of struggle and are often found in the same position as when they were placed in the bed.

Question 11

Hazards: Effects of Maternal Age

Question 12

Hazards: Effects of Malnutrition

Answer 12

General malnutrition of mother affects growth of fetal brain –> later cognitive impairment

Question 13

Hazards: Effects of Rubella, STIs, & Infections

Answer 13

-STIs –> damage fetal CNS
-Infections (flu, parasites)–> schizophrenia
Zika Virus –> Microcephaly

Question 14

Birth: Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Answer 14

-Triggers release of other hormones to start birth process (estrogen, oxytocin, cortisol)

Question 15

Birth: Childbirth Approaches- Non industrialized vs. Industrialized countries

Answer 15

-Public vs private event; home vs hospital, standing/squatting vs laying

Question 16

Birth: Apgar Scale

Answer 16

-Method for evaluating the health of the newborn immediately following birth based on skin tone, pulse rate, facial response, and and leg activity, and breathing
-Time stamps 2 & 5 minutes

Question 17

State of Arousal: Different states

Answer 17

-Alert awake: 2.5 hours
-Active awake: 2.5
-Crying: 2
-Drowing: 1
-Active sleep (REM): 8
-Quiet sleep (Non REM): 8

Question 18

State of Arousal: Sleeping

Answer 18

-Newborns sleep twice as much as adults
-REM Sleep
Active sleep state, characterized by quick, jerky eye movements under closed eyes
Higher during prenatal period (fetal, premature states)
50% of sleep in newborns, declines to 20% by age 3-5
Stimulation it provides leads to CNS growth
-Non REM Sleep
Deep sleep, absence of motor activity
Slower brain waves, breathing and heart rate

Question 19

State of Arousal: Crying

Answer 19

Crying: First way of communication
-Hunger, temp change, loud noise, pain, boredom, tired
-Crying → Adult responsiveness
Adults experience physiological arousal and psychological discomfort
Most likely an innate response that ensure adults will provide care and safety

Question 20

State of Arousal: Low birth weight etc..

Question 21

EXTRA CREDIT

Answer 21

Periaqueductal Gray is activated when baby cries
Take 49 thousandths of a second for that part of the brain to activate
Evolutionary: Over time, this area of the brain might have formed in order to facilitate nurturing
Do or die reaction

Question 22

State of Arousal: Crying CONT

Answer 22

-Ethological Perspective: Parent teaches infant other ways to communicate
-Behaviorist Perspective: Consistent responding reinforces crying responses
-Developmental Perspective: Normal difficulties in readjusting the sleep-wake cycle, leads to crying being greatest during first 3 months ; independent of parental responsiveness