Chapter 3 Flashcards
Organic Molecules and Inorganic molecules
organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen
inorganic molecules do not contain a combination of carbon and hydrogen (H2O and NACL)
Hydrocarbon
compound that contains only elements carbon and hydrogen
highly versatile, vary in length and/or have double bonds and/or be branched
ex: methane CH4
organic compound
contains carbon
The Carbon Atom
total of six electrons
6 protons
almost always shares electrons with elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
can bond with as many as 4 other elements
often shares electrons with other carbon atoms
Isomers
same number and kind of atoms in a variety of arrangements
same molecular formula but different structural formula
functional group
specific combination of bonded atoms have similar chemical properties
group of atoms usually found together
hydroxyl group = one of the most common forms (alcohol, sugars)
other common = carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate
Four categories of biological molecules
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomers
subunits - single unit
Polymer
monomers joined together
Dehydration synthesis reaction
joins monomers to form. polymers, equivalent of removing a water molecule
forms larger molecule from smaller molecule
forms a water molecule - byproducts
hydrolysis reaction
breaking a chemical bond in presence of water
consumes a water molecule
no byproducts
Carbs
Ex: breads, potato, pasta, rice, corn
Glucose: C6H12O6 -> common ex of carb
mainly used for immediate energy source, after there is a crash of fatigue
common ex of hydrolysis reaction - breaking down of maltose to from 2 glucose molecules (maltase involved)
classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
single sugar molecule, simple sugars
3 to 7 carbon backbone
ex: glucose
- 2 isomers: fructose and galactose
- cells use glucose as the energy of choice
- ribose and deoxyribose as found in RNA and DNA
reducing sugars
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides bonded together
ex: maltose - yeast breaks down maltose in beer for energy and produces ethyl alcohol
sucrose - table sugar
Polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharides
used as energy storage molecules in humans, animals, and plants
ex: starch = plants store
animals store glucose as glycogen
cellulose - plant cell walls - most abundant of all organic molecules
chitin - crab, lobster, insect exoskeletons
non reducing sugars
Lipids
insoluble in water
long non polar hydrocarbon chains
relative lack of hydrophilic functional groups
variety of structures and functions
fats and oils used for long term energy storage
ex: cheese, ice cream, lard, butter, oil
Fatty Acids
primary component of fats and oils - triglycerides
Unsaturated Fats
have double bonds in the carbon chain
typically liquid at room temperature
number of hydrogen less than 2 per carbon atom
trans fat
bent structure ex: canola oil
Saturated fats
have no double bonds
linear structure
solid at room temperature
Phospholipids
form bulk of plasma membrane, acts as a barrier, supports the cell and protects
polar phosphate head - water soluble
non polar fatty acid - not water soluble
each phospholipid consists of a phosphate head linked to 2 fatty acid chain
Steroids
lipids made of 4 fused rings
no fatty acids but are insoluble in water
derived from cholesterol
differ only in functional groups
Proteins
Many functions - support, metabolism, transport, defense, regulation, and motion
composed of animo acids monomers
- 20 diff amino acids
- central carbon bonded to hydrogen atom, amino group carboxyl group, and a side chain, or R group
- differ according to R group
Ex: meat, eggs, milk, tofu, beans, nuts, fish/seafood, cottage cheese
Peptides
two or more animo acids covalently linked
amino acid sequence determine the final three-shape dimensional shape of protein
peptide bond
formed by dehydration reaction between two amino acid monomers
