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BIO 1000 > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous System

A

quickly sends a message along a nerve fiber that releases a chemical message directly
function - detects stimuli in the env and performs coordinated reaction in response

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2
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Neurons - nerve cell

A

has a cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and nodes of ranvier

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4
Q

Cell body

A

contains nucleus and other organelles

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5
Q

dendrites

A

fan out to receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons

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6
Q

Axon

A

longer than dendrites
conducts impulses away from cell body

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7
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

formed from membranes of tightly spiraled cells, helps impulses travel faster on long axons, make nerves look white
insulating layer
help signals travel faster and more efficiently

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8
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheath

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9
Q

three types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons

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10
Q

Sensory neurons

A

takes impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

occur entirely within the CNS
take nerve impulses between various parts of CNS as part of integration
form complex pathways in the brain where processes that account for thinking, language, and memory occur

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12
Q

motor neurons

A

take nerve impulses from CNS to muscles or glands

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13
Q

The Nerve Impulse

A

dependent of concentration gradients
maintained buy sodium-potassium pump
- actively transports sodium ions outside axon and actively transports potassium ions inside

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14
Q

Action Potential

A

is all or none
either an axon conducts a nerve impulse or it does not

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15
Q

synapse

A

point of communication between two neurons
presynaptic neurons - send signal
postsynaptic neuron - releases neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine
a single neuron has many dendrite, plus the cell body
excitatory neurotransmitter drives neurons closer to creating potential

17
Q

Drug abuse

A

stimulants increase activity of CNS
depressants decrease activity of CNS
Brain less active after cocaine
- prevents synaptic uptake of dopamine
methaphetamine
- blocks uptake of dopamine

18
Q

Vertebrate brains

A

central nervous system
- brain can be divided into hindbrain. midbrain, and forebrain
- forebrain most prominent in humans
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem

19
Q

Cerebrum

A

coordinates activities of the other parts of the brain

20
Q

diencephalon

A

hypothalamus - helps maintain homeostasis by regulating sleep, hunger, thirst, body temp, and water balance
thalamus - receiving end for all sensory input except smell
pineal gland - secretes hormone melatonin

21
Q

cerebellum

A

receives sensory input from eyes, ears, joints, and skeletal muscles
receives motor output from cerebral cortex about where the parts should be
integrates info to maintain posture and balance
ensure coordinated, Smooth, voluntary movements

22
Q

Brain stem

A

contains midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
connects rest of the brain to spinal cord
midbrain contains important visual and auditory reflex centers
medulla oblongata contains reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and vasoconstriction.
pons link medulla with midbrain

23
Q

limbic system

A

complex network that includes diencephalon and areas of cerebrum
emotional response center
hippocampus - makes prefrontal areas aware of past experiences
amygdala - causes experiences to have emotional overtones

24
Q

Memory

A

prefrontal area of frontal lobe active during short term memory

25
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

lies outside CNS
contains nerves - bundles of axon
12 cranial nerves, ganglia outside CNS, 31 spinal nerves
has somatic and autonomic systems

26
Q

somatic system

A

voluntary control of muscles
sensory neuron - interneuron - motor neuron - effector

27
Q

autonomic system

A

involuntary system
divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic division
parasympathetic - promotes all internal responses associated with a relaxed state
- uses neurotransmitter acetylcholine
sympathetic division
- flight or fight situations
- uses neurotransmitter norepinephrine

28
Q

Endocrine system

A

consists of glands and tissue that secrets hormones
uses blood to send a hormone to a target organ - slower acting but long lasting
endocrine glands do not have ducts - secrets hormones directly into blood
exocrine glands have ducts and secret product into duct for delivery to a specific organ

29
Q

Hormones

A

Steroid hormones - activate gene expression
Peptide hormones - small chains of amino acids
- first messenger that activates signal

30
Q

Hypothalamus gland

A

part of brain
part of nervous and endocrine system
contains specialized hormone secreting neurons
control secretion of pituitary gland

31
Q

pituitary gland

A

connect to brain by stalk
anterior pituitary - secretions controlled by hypothalamic releasing hormones
secretions stimulate other glands

32
Q

prolactin

A

anterior pituitary hormone
produced in quantity during pregnancy and after childbrith

33
Q

oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary
causes uterine contractions during childbirth and milk let down when a baby is nursing

34
Q

Thyroid gland

A

to produce its hormones needs iodine
simple goiter can be caused by lack of iodine in diet

35
Q

Grave’s disease

A

overproduction of thyroid hormones
also known as hyperthyroidism

36
Q

Adrenal glands

A

sit atop the kidneys
each gland has an inner adrenal medulla and outer adrenal cortex
hypothalamus exerts control over both areas
Adrenal medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine rapidly bring about all the body changes when an individual reacts to an emergency situation
adrenal cortex - mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol

37
Q

Addison’s disease

A

hypo secretion of adrenal cortex hormone
buildup stimulates melanin production and skin bronzes

38
Q

Pancreas

A

has insulin and glucagon
insulin - lowers blood glucose
glucagon - raises blood glucose

39
Q

Diabetes

A

Type 1 - insulin dependent - pancreases not producing insulin
Type 2 - non-insulin dependent
controlled through diet and exercise

BIO 1000 (6 decks)

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