Chapter 3 Flashcards
_____ makes easier phenomena easier to predict
Chemistry
It explains why certain reactions among molecules will take place, and why particular molecular combinations will be stable
Chemistry
It is the building blocks of life
Molecules
These are enormous molecules that are almost always synthesized by living things
Macromolecules
What are the basic chemical building block from which all organisms are assembled?
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids
What are the two major groups of molecules?
Organic and inorganic molecules
These molecules do not contain carbon, are generally found in the physical environment, and includes oxygen, CO2, water, and minerals
Inorganic molecules
A universal solvent, constitutes 55% to 90% of cells
Water
What is a molecule with charges on opposite sides called?
Polar molecule
The ability of water to dissolve substances is due to its polar nature, True or False?
True
Substances that readily dissolve in water
Hydrophilic or water-loving
It is the principle behind the rising of water against the force of gravity (tendency of water molecules to stick together)
Cohesion or cohesive
Insects can skate across the surface of still water because of the ______ (measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid)
Surface tension or tension
An inorganic molecule that is an efficient temperature regulator (temperature buffer)
Water
It acts as a medium for metabolic activities
Water
Chemical compounds that contain carbon
Organic molecules
An atom that is very good at performing large, chain-like molecules
Carbon (called carbon chain)
What is carbon atoms linked together called?
Carbon chain
It forms the framework of biological molecules
Carbon chain
Carbon chains can only be straight, True or False?
False
They can be straight, branched, or closed into rings
Macromolecules are under of?
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates contain many CH bonds, True or False?
True
This is an organic molecule (biomolecule) that is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of 1:2:1
Carbohydrates
What are the three groups of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What are the main functions of carbohydrates?
Energy storage (food), structural components (cell walls with polysaccharides), and communication (membrane receptors)
A basic monomer and simplest carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
Mannose, fructose, and pentose (ribose and deoxyribose)
This is when two monosaccharides are joined by condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Disaccharides
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Maltose and sucrose (table sugar)
These are carbohydrates consisting of thousands of monosaccharides linked together with glycosidic bonds through dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
It is represented by the empirical formula (C5H10O5)n
Polysaccharide
Is glucose a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?
Glucose is a monosaccharide
A carbohydrate that serves as storage molecules that living things utilize to obtain energy
Polysaccharide
A kind of polysaccharide stored in roots, tissues, and other parts of plant bodies. Plant cells break this down into glucose as a source of energy
Starch
This is referred to as “animal starch”, is stored in the liver and muscle of animals
Glycogen
Glucose can easily split off as energy source when needed by the body, True or False?
True
A polysaccharide that is tough and rigid which encloses plant cells and the woody parts of the plant. This cannot be digested by the human body and therefore serves as fibers
Cellulose
A polysaccharide that forms the outer covering of arthropods and cell walls of fungi like mushrooms
Chitin
A diverse group of non-polar organic molecules that contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen (some with nitrogen and phosphorus)
Lipids
Among the four organic molecules, lipids are the only ones soluble to water, True or False?
False
Lipids are insoluble to water
Lipids are soluble to non-polar solvents like benzene, ether, and chloroform, True or False?
True
What are the functions of lipids?
Energy storage (food), build cell parts (cell membrane), protective covering that cushions organs, and forms an important part of hormones
What are the two types of lipids?
Complex lipids and simple lipids
These are lipids that contain fatty acids such as triglycerides and phospholipids
Complex lipids
These are lipids that do not contain fatty acids such as cholesterol, plant pigments, some vitamins, and hormones
Simple lipids
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides or sugars
What are the building blocks of lipids?
Fatty acids (with glycerol)
Fatty acid contains 14-22 carbon atoms, True or False?
True
Fatty acid is a very non-polar molecule (hydrophobic)
True
Saturated (stearic acid) vs Unsaturated (oleic acid)
Saturated: no double bonds, more hydrogen atoms, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated: has double carbon bonds, less hydrogen atoms, liquid at room temperature
It is large organic molecule formed by dehydration synthesis of a molecule glycerol
Fats
This is an amphipathic molecule due to its polar head and non-polar tail and composes the plasma membrane
Phospholipids
The ________ of phospholipids is crucial to the structure and function of the plasma membrane
ambivalent behavior
This macromolecule is probably the most complex and perform chemistry of life
Proteins
This contains, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (some contain phosphorus and sulfur)
Proteins
What are the types of protein?
Structural, enzymatic, storage, transport, contractile, defensive, and hormonal protein
A building block that contains an amino group, carbon, hydrogen, carboxyl group, and a side chain
Amino acids
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds and polypeptide chains, True or False?
True
There are 40 different amino acids found in proteins (side chain), True or False?
False
There are only 20 side chains
A macromolecule that store genetic information
Nucleic acids
It is composed of long chains of similar but not identical building blocks called nucleotides
Nucleic acids
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids called?
Nucleotides
Is ATP a nucleotide?
Yes
Nucleotides are composed of?
Pentose, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
Where is RNA manufactured?
In the nucleolus
RNA is composed of what strand?
A single polynucleotide strand
It is the materials that composes the genes passed on from generation of cells to the next
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is composed of two polynucleotide strand forming a ______
double helix
DNA base-pairing
Apples in the Trees and Cars in the Garage
DNA molecules are very long with up to hundreds of base pairs, True or False?
False!
It has millions of base pairs
What are RNA enzymes called?
Ribozyme
It is an RNA nucleotide that plays a key role in cellular metabolism
ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate
It binds to a variety of proteins which serves as a SWITCH to turn on some proteins
GTP or Guanosine Triphosphate