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General Zoology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ makes easier phenomena easier to predict

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

It explains why certain reactions among molecules will take place, and why particular molecular combinations will be stable

A

Chemistry

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3
Q

It is the building blocks of life

A

Molecules

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4
Q

These are enormous molecules that are almost always synthesized by living things

A

Macromolecules

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5
Q

What are the basic chemical building block from which all organisms are assembled?

A

Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids

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6
Q

What are the two major groups of molecules?

A

Organic and inorganic molecules

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7
Q

These molecules do not contain carbon, are generally found in the physical environment, and includes oxygen, CO2, water, and minerals

A

Inorganic molecules

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8
Q

A universal solvent, constitutes 55% to 90% of cells

A

Water

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9
Q

What is a molecule with charges on opposite sides called?

A

Polar molecule

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10
Q

The ability of water to dissolve substances is due to its polar nature, True or False?

A

True

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11
Q

Substances that readily dissolve in water

A

Hydrophilic or water-loving

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12
Q

It is the principle behind the rising of water against the force of gravity (tendency of water molecules to stick together)

A

Cohesion or cohesive

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13
Q

Insects can skate across the surface of still water because of the ______ (measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid)

A

Surface tension or tension

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14
Q

An inorganic molecule that is an efficient temperature regulator (temperature buffer)

A

Water

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15
Q

It acts as a medium for metabolic activities

A

Water

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16
Q

Chemical compounds that contain carbon

A

Organic molecules

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17
Q

An atom that is very good at performing large, chain-like molecules

A

Carbon (called carbon chain)

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18
Q

What is carbon atoms linked together called?

A

Carbon chain

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19
Q

It forms the framework of biological molecules

A

Carbon chain

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20
Q

Carbon chains can only be straight, True or False?

A

False
They can be straight, branched, or closed into rings

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21
Q

Macromolecules are under of?

A

Biomolecules

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22
Q

Carbohydrates contain many CH bonds, True or False?

A

True

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23
Q

This is an organic molecule (biomolecule) that is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of 1:2:1

A

Carbohydrates

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24
Q

What are the three groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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25
Q

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage (food), structural components (cell walls with polysaccharides), and communication (membrane receptors)

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26
Q

A basic monomer and simplest carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharides

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27
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

Mannose, fructose, and pentose (ribose and deoxyribose)

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28
Q

This is when two monosaccharides are joined by condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

A

Disaccharides

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29
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose and sucrose (table sugar)

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30
Q

These are carbohydrates consisting of thousands of monosaccharides linked together with glycosidic bonds through dehydration synthesis

A

Polysaccharides

31
Q

It is represented by the empirical formula (C5H10O5)n

A

Polysaccharide

32
Q

Is glucose a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?

A

Glucose is a monosaccharide

33
Q

A carbohydrate that serves as storage molecules that living things utilize to obtain energy

A

Polysaccharide

34
Q

A kind of polysaccharide stored in roots, tissues, and other parts of plant bodies. Plant cells break this down into glucose as a source of energy

A

Starch

35
Q

This is referred to as “animal starch”, is stored in the liver and muscle of animals

A

Glycogen

36
Q

Glucose can easily split off as energy source when needed by the body, True or False?

A

True

37
Q

A polysaccharide that is tough and rigid which encloses plant cells and the woody parts of the plant. This cannot be digested by the human body and therefore serves as fibers

A

Cellulose

38
Q

A polysaccharide that forms the outer covering of arthropods and cell walls of fungi like mushrooms

A

Chitin

39
Q

A diverse group of non-polar organic molecules that contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen (some with nitrogen and phosphorus)

A

Lipids

40
Q

Among the four organic molecules, lipids are the only ones soluble to water, True or False?

A

False
Lipids are insoluble to water

41
Q

Lipids are soluble to non-polar solvents like benzene, ether, and chloroform, True or False?

A

True

42
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage (food), build cell parts (cell membrane), protective covering that cushions organs, and forms an important part of hormones

43
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Complex lipids and simple lipids

44
Q

These are lipids that contain fatty acids such as triglycerides and phospholipids

A

Complex lipids

45
Q

These are lipids that do not contain fatty acids such as cholesterol, plant pigments, some vitamins, and hormones

A

Simple lipids

46
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides or sugars

47
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

Fatty acids (with glycerol)

48
Q

Fatty acid contains 14-22 carbon atoms, True or False?

A

True

49
Q

Fatty acid is a very non-polar molecule (hydrophobic)

A

True

50
Q

Saturated (stearic acid) vs Unsaturated (oleic acid)

A

Saturated: no double bonds, more hydrogen atoms, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated: has double carbon bonds, less hydrogen atoms, liquid at room temperature

51
Q

It is large organic molecule formed by dehydration synthesis of a molecule glycerol

A

Fats

52
Q

This is an amphipathic molecule due to its polar head and non-polar tail and composes the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids

53
Q

The ________ of phospholipids is crucial to the structure and function of the plasma membrane

A

ambivalent behavior

54
Q

This macromolecule is probably the most complex and perform chemistry of life

A

Proteins

55
Q

This contains, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (some contain phosphorus and sulfur)

A

Proteins

56
Q

What are the types of protein?

A

Structural, enzymatic, storage, transport, contractile, defensive, and hormonal protein

57
Q

A building block that contains an amino group, carbon, hydrogen, carboxyl group, and a side chain

A

Amino acids

58
Q

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds and polypeptide chains, True or False?

A

True

59
Q

There are 40 different amino acids found in proteins (side chain), True or False?

A

False
There are only 20 side chains

60
Q

A macromolecule that store genetic information

A

Nucleic acids

61
Q

It is composed of long chains of similar but not identical building blocks called nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

62
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids called?

A

Nucleotides

63
Q

Is ATP a nucleotide?

A

Yes

64
Q

Nucleotides are composed of?

A

Pentose, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

65
Q

Where is RNA manufactured?

A

In the nucleolus

66
Q

RNA is composed of what strand?

A

A single polynucleotide strand

67
Q

It is the materials that composes the genes passed on from generation of cells to the next

A

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

68
Q

DNA is composed of two polynucleotide strand forming a ______

A

double helix

69
Q

DNA base-pairing

A

Apples in the Trees and Cars in the Garage

70
Q

DNA molecules are very long with up to hundreds of base pairs, True or False?

A

False!
It has millions of base pairs

71
Q

What are RNA enzymes called?

A

Ribozyme

72
Q

It is an RNA nucleotide that plays a key role in cellular metabolism

A

ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate

73
Q

It binds to a variety of proteins which serves as a SWITCH to turn on some proteins

A

GTP or Guanosine Triphosphate

General Zoology (5 decks)

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