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General Zoology > Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

This cellular level of organization has specialized cells that integrate their activities

A

Parazoa

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2
Q

The phylum Porifera or sponges are distinguished by their skeletal characteristics, True or False?

A

True

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3
Q

Sponges are called filter feeders because?

A

They are sessile and must filter the water to separate the organisms and nutrients they need and eat

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4
Q

In what forms do sponges grow?

A

Solitary, colonial, branching, or thin as sheets

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5
Q

The cavity of the sponge is called a?

A

Spongocoel

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6
Q

This is a triple helix of tissues that binds cells into tissues, even in sponges

A

Collagen

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7
Q

The walled cells of plants and fungi are held together by other molecules called?

A

Pectin

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8
Q

It is the indicator that animals arose once from a common unicellular ancestor

A

Presence of collagen

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9
Q

The muscles that distinguish animals from plants or fungi are the?

A

Specializations of the actin
and myosin microfilaments common to all eukaryotic cells.

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10
Q

This constrains an animal to maintain more or less the same shape throughout its active life.

A

Mobility

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11
Q

The sessile, filter-feeding way of life shown by sponges has favored a body plan of?

A

Radial symmetry

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12
Q

This is a tissue level of organization

A

Radiata

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13
Q

Because discrete cells of different types do not carry out the internal functions of the animals, coelenterates are considered to be organized at only a cellular level, True or False?

A

False
coelenterates are organized at a tissue level (cnidarians and Ctenophora)

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14
Q

______ and ______ become ineffective at rather a small size

A

Flagella and cilia

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15
Q

Muscles contract by a cellular mechanism like that used in a movement where there are interactions of actin and myosin filaments, this is called a what?

A

Amoeboid locomotion

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16
Q

Through coordinated contraction of many
cells, movement of large individuals becomes possible, True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Like parazoans, these also only have two body layers, an endoderm for feeding and an ectoderm for protection

A

Coelenterates

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18
Q

Between the endoderm and the ectoderm of
coelenterates is the ________, a gelatinous mass that contains connective fibers of collagen and usually some cells.

A

Mesoglea

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19
Q

Coelenterates contain _______ and _________ in both layers and at the base is a central cavity.

A

Muscle fibers and a two-dimensional web of nerve cells

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20
Q

Cleavage of a fertilized egg produces a hollow sphere of?

A

Flagellated cells or the blastula

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21
Q

The gastrula is called the _________ in species in which this stage of development is free-living.

A

Planula larva

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22
Q

The mouth forms once the planula larva has settled, True or False?

A

True

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23
Q

What are two-layered animals called?

A

Diploblastic

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24
Q

All coelenterates are more or less radially
symmetrical, True or False?

A

True

25
Q

Phylum Porifera to phylum Cnidaria all have bilaterally symmetrical ancestors, True or False?

A

True

26
Q

What are the differences between having a cavity in the middle layer?

A

Acoelomates have no internal fluid-filled body cavity (coelom). Pseudocoelomates have a cavity between the endoderm and the mesoderm layers (not lined with peritoneum)
Coelomates have a cavity within the mesoderm (lined with peritoneum)

27
Q

Coelomates have a cavity within the mesoderm, which can show one of two types of development:

A

Schizocoelous or enterocoelic.

28
Q

Most _______ show schizocoelous development, in which the mesoderm proliferates from a single cell and divides to form a mass on each side of the body;

A

Protostomes

29
Q

_________ show enterocoelic pouching, in which the endoderm
evaginates and pinches off discrete pouches, the cavities of which become the coelom and the wall
the mesoderm.

A

Deuterostomes

30
Q

It is an organ level of organization

A

Bilateria

31
Q

Unlike sessile sponges and floating jellies, ______ typically move actively in pursuit of food

A

Bilateria

32
Q

In this level of organization, the body
plans that are generally recognized are acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate.

A

Bilateria

33
Q

This is a fact that defines the bilateral symmetry of Bilateria

A

Organs of locomotion arranged along both sides of the organism

34
Q

These are the most prevalent skeletal system used by animals for movement and support.

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

35
Q

The lack of a fluid-filled cavity adjacent to the muscles reduces the extent to which the muscles can contract and the force they exert

A

True

36
Q

These are considered to be the ancestors of all other Bilateria.

A

Flatworms

37
Q

In those animals with a body cavity used in locomotion, gravity would pull the gut down and severely curtail body size, True or False?

A

True

38
Q

The advantage of a true coelom is the ability of the inner mesenteric (mostly connective tissue) layer to suspend the central gut in the middle of the animal, True or False?

A

True

39
Q

______ is the main function of the coelom in vertebrates, which achieve the largest body sizes among animals by virtue of an
endoskeleton that does not need to be shed during growth.

A

Suspension

40
Q

Phylum Annelida is a protostome coelomate, True or False?

A

True

41
Q

In early development, protostome coelomates mostly differ from deuterostome coelomates in the following ways:

A
  1. The mouth of protostomes is the blastopore, in deuterostomes, the blastopore is the anus
    2-3. Early cleavage is typically spiral and determinate in protostomes, Deuterostomes, show indeterminate, radial cleavage
  2. Coelom formation is schizocoelous in most protostomes, whereas enterocoelous development is typical of deuterostomes.
  3. characteristic larval forms also differ
42
Q

The two phyla that have clearly dominated both land and sea since nearly the beginning of animal evolution are the arthropods and chordates, protostomous and deuterostomous coelomates, respectively.

A

True

43
Q

Among the social groups of large animals, only ______ have
differentiated their functions to such an extent that their societies begin to behave as individuals.

A

Humans

44
Q

Insect societies show behaviors halfway between societies based on genetically identical members and those created by genetically different individuals, True or False?

A

True

45
Q

______ are more cooperative and show a greater degree
of altruism than is true of vertebrate societies.

A

Insects

46
Q

Only _______ skeletons can act without an antagonist; all
antagonistic muscles act through a skeleton, which can be either rigid, flexible, or hydrostatic.

A

Elastic skeletons

47
Q

This is a skeleton that resembles a closed container

A

Minimal hydroskeleton

48
Q

Hydroskeletons are also important
in nonlocomotory muscular systems, such as hearts or intestines, True or False?

A

True

49
Q

Contraction-relaxation cycles push in one direction only when the system has structures that prevent _______?

A

Backflow

50
Q

Hydroskeletons become less efficient when fluid is lost, True or False?

A

True

51
Q

It is called the partitioning of the coelom

A

Metamerism

52
Q

________ do not change shape but simply bend when a muscle contracts.

A

Elastic skeletons

53
Q

_________ results either from a muscle contracting in the opposite direction to its antagonist or from
the skeleton resuming its original position.

A

Muscle relaxation

54
Q

The flexible cuticle of nematodes functions like an _______

A

Elastic skeleton

55
Q

The more stable attachment site of a muscle is called the ______, the other the ________.

A

Origin, insertion

56
Q

_________ serves the animal in finding food and mates and in escaping predators or unsuitable
habitats.

A

Locomotion

57
Q

The ________ of animals is the heart of their adaptation to their physical and biotic environments.

A

Locomotion/ feeding system

58
Q

_________ are sensitive hair cells or membranes that depolarize a sensory neuron when bent by the
passage of a sound wave.

A

Sound receptors

59
Q

Some animals use sound to see and this mechanism is called

A

Echolocation

General Zoology (5 decks)

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