Chapter 3 Flashcards
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Acid
The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds.
Adhesion
A solution in which water is the solvent.
Aqueous solution
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Base
A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution.
Buffer
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C.
Calorie (cal)
The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.
Cohesion
The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.
Evaporative cooling
Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.
Heat
The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
Heat of vaporization
The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion.
Hydration shell
A single proton with a charge of 1 +.
Hydrogen ion
A unit of energy
Joule (J)
1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J.
A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C
Kilocalorie (kcal)
The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.
Kinetic energy
A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molarity
The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.
Molecular mass
The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular or atomic mass in daltons; contains Avogadro’s number of the molecules or atoms in question.
Mole (mol)
The process by which the pH of the ocean is lowered (made more acidic) when excess CO2 dissolves in seawater and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3).
Ocean acidification
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to − log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
pH
A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
Polar covalent bond
A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule.
Polar molecule
A graph in which each piece of data is represented by a point. used when the data for all variables are numerical and continuous.
Scatter plot
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Solute
A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solution
The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile one known.
Solvent
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.
Specific heat
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high _________ because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.
Surface tension
A measure in degrees of the average kinetic energy (thermal energy) of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter.
Temperature
Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form. See also heat.
Thermal energy
