Chapter 3

Question 1

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Answer 1

Acid

Question 2

The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds.

Answer 2

Adhesion

Question 3

A solution in which water is the solvent.

Answer 3

Aqueous solution

Question 4

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Answer 4

Base

Question 5

A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution.

Answer 5

Buffer

Question 6

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C.

Answer 6

Calorie (cal)

Question 7

The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.

Answer 7

Cohesion

Question 8

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

Answer 8

Evaporative cooling

Question 9

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.

Answer 9

Heat

Question 10

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.

Answer 10

Heat of vaporization

Question 11

The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion.

Answer 11

Hydration shell

Question 12

A single proton with a charge of 1 +.

Answer 12

Hydrogen ion

Question 13

A unit of energy

Answer 13

Joule (J)
1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J.

Question 14

A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C

Answer 14

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Question 15

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.

Answer 15

Kinetic energy

Question 16

A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Answer 16

Molarity

Question 17

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.

Answer 17

Molecular mass

Question 18

The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular or atomic mass in daltons; contains Avogadro’s number of the molecules or atoms in question.

Answer 18

Mole (mol)

Question 19

The process by which the pH of the ocean is lowered (made more acidic) when excess CO2 dissolves in seawater and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3).

Answer 19

Ocean acidification

Question 20

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to − log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.

Answer 20

pH

Question 21

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

Answer 21

Polar covalent bond

Question 22

A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule.

Answer 22

Polar molecule

Question 23

A graph in which each piece of data is represented by a point. used when the data for all variables are numerical and continuous.

Answer 23

Scatter plot

Question 24

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Answer 24

Solute

Question 25

A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Answer 25

Solution

Question 26

The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile one known.

Answer 26

Solvent

Question 27

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.

Answer 27

Specific heat

Question 28

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high _________ because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.

Answer 28

Surface tension

Question 29

A measure in degrees of the average kinetic energy (thermal energy) of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter.

Answer 29

Temperature

Question 30

Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form. See also heat.

Answer 30

Thermal energy