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Biology 111 Midterm #1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.

A

Archaea

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2
Q

One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea.

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.

A

bioinformatics

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4
Q

The scientific study of life.

A

Biology

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5
Q

The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems.

A

Biosphere

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6
Q

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function; the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life.

A

Cell

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7
Q

A directional change in temperature, precipitation, or other aspect of the global climate that lasts for three decades or more.

A

Climate change

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8
Q

All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.

A

Community

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9
Q

An organism that feeds on producers, other consumers, or nonliving organic material.

A

Consumer

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10
Q

In a controlled experiment, a set of subjects that lacks (or does not receive) the specific factor being tested. Ideally.

A

Control group

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11
Q

An experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group; ideally, the two groups differ only in the factor being tested.

A

Controlled experiment

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12
Q

Recorded observations.

A

Data

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13
Q

A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.

A

Deductive reasoning

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14
Q

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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15
Q

All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.

A

Ecosystem

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16
Q

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

A

Emergent properties

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17
Q

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.

A

Eukarya

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18
Q

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

A

Eukaryotic cell

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19
Q

Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

A

Evolution

20
Q

A scientific test. Often carried out under controlled conditions that involve manipulating one factor in a system in order to see the effects of changing that factor.

A

Experiment

21
Q

A set of subjects that has (or receives) the specific factor being tested in a controlled experiment. Ideally, the experimental group should be identical to the control group for all other factors.

A

Experimental group

22
Q

The regulation of a process by its output or end product.

A

Feedback regulation

23
Q

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

A

Gene

24
Q

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.

A

Gene expression

25
Q

The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.

A

Genome

26
Q

The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species.

A

Genomics

27
Q

A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning.

A

Hypothesis

28
Q

A factor whose value is manipulated or changed during an experiment to reveal possible effects on another factor

A

Independent variable

29
Q

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

A

Inductive reasoning

30
Q

The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.

A

Inquiry

31
Q

A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab.

A

Model organism

32
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

A

Molecule

33
Q

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

A

Natural selection

34
Q

A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.

A

Organ

35
Q

Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

A

Organelle

36
Q

An individual living thing, consisting of one or more cells.

A

Organism

37
Q

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.

A

Population

38
Q

An organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy (in photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (in chemosynthetic reactions carried out by some prokaryotes).

A

Producer

39
Q

The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism.

A

Proteome

40
Q

The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions.

A

Proteomics

41
Q

An approach to understanding the natural world.

A

Science

42
Q

An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system’s parts.

A

Systems biology

43
Q

The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.

A

Technology

44
Q

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.

A

Theory

45
Q

An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.

A

Tissue

46
Q

A factor that varies in an experiment.

A

Variable

47
Q

A factor whose value is measured during an experiment or other test to see whether it is influenced by changes in another factor

A

Dependent variable

Biology 111 Midterm #1 (4 decks)

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