Chapter 3 Flashcards
Gender Stereotypes Don’t Die Easily
-1970’s women began complaining about negative portrayals of women
-2013 Todd complained that men now seem in a similar position without complaints
Gender Stereotypes
Generalized beliefs and attitudes about masculinity and femininity
-Including psychological traits & characteristics
-Activities appropriate to men or women
Doctrine of 2 Spheres
Belief that men and women have different interests & roles that do not overlap (opposites)
-Arose during Industrial Rev.
(agricultural to industrial, men took jobs outside of home, women responsible for home & family)
Cult of True Womanhood
Glorified image of Victorian Women
-Piety (religious), purity, domesticity and submissiveness
-Without these, women life has no meaning
4 Themes of Male Sex Role Identity
No Sissy Stuff (not like women)
The Big Wheel (success & status)
Give ‘Em Hell (aggression, daring, violence)
The Sturdy Oak (toughness, confidence, self-reliance)
Gender-Role Strain Paradigm
Result of the 60’s & 70’s where men & women started to stray from tradition gender
-Roles for men are contradictory & successful
-Violating roles has worse consequences for men
-Some characteristics prescribed by roles are maldaptive
Hegemonic Masculinity
Attempts to subordinate women and less accepted versions of masculinity
Terman’s Attitude Interest Analysis Survey
Masculine/feminine on one dimension
M——————-F
Scores differentiate men from women
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(Unidimensional & bipolar)
Measuring male homosexual tendencies
Unidimensional Approach
M———–F
Two-Dimensional Approach
Low———————–High
M
Low————————High
F
Androgyny
Mixture of both masculine and feminine characteristics
Bem Sex Role Inventory
2 dimensional
1 scale masc, 1 scale fem
Masculine, feminine, androgynous, undifferentiated
Attitudes
Explicit: consciously aware (ex opinions)
Implicit: not consciously aware of biases
Implicit Association Test
Measures how long it takes participants to react to similarity of word pairs (stereotypical associations are faster(
Advantages & Disadvantages of Stereotyping
Streamlines cognitive processes
But creates distortions and incorrect generalizations
Prejudice & Discrimination
Negative evaluation of an entire group (attitude)
Differential treatment (Behaviour)
Perception
Basis for cognitive processing hat can become a stereotype
Attribute stereotypes more strongly to others than ourselves
Stereotypes affect:
-traits
-behaviour
-appearance
-occupations
Stereotypes Changing
-More flexibility to women in mens roles than men in women’s roles, masculine traditions more stable
-Women believe men hold more stereotypes than they do (negative stereotyping)
Illusory Correlation
Belief that a correlation exists or that it is stronger than it actually is, contributes to maintaining stereotypes
Development of Stereotypes in Children
-Age 2: applying gender labels
-Age 3: signs of stereotyping
-Starts with own sex
-Flexible application until 5-7
Negative Impact of Stereotyping
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Stereotype threat:
-Fear of being negatively stereotyped
-Accepts self concept
-Influences women & ethnic minorities to perform more poorly
Ambivalent Sexism
Hostile sexism: negative attitudes toward women
Benevolent Sexism
Positive attitudes that serve to belittle women and keep them subservient (women as weaker, less competent)
Cultures in the USA
African American & Caucasian women hold similar conceptualization of womanhood
Hispanic women more than Hispanic men cause use their ethnic identity as positive in school
For African Americans, majority race of famous is more of factor than gender for feeling stereotyped
Similarities & differences in gender globally
Male- instrumental or agentic
Female - expressive or communal
No single gender description applies to all cultures
More similarities than differences by not universal
Differs by ethic group and geography
