Chapter 3 Flashcards
what organization came as a result of WWII
National Institute of Mental Heath (NIMH) - provided guidelines for education, guidelines for the field of psychology, guidelines for training, and research
what was the Boulder conference
the NIMH guidelines led to a training conference in 1949 - The Boulder Conference
formally adopted the advised model of clinical training
Boulder model OR Science-practitioner model emphasized clinical psychology be competent in both conducting research and providing psychological services
- emphasized PhD and clinical internship in education
what was the Vail Conference
1973 gave us the PsyD
emphasis on practice rather than science
scholar-practitioner perspective (emphasis on clinical training to provide effective services)
what perspectives were prominent in the first half of the 20th cent.
psychoanalytic approach by Freud
behavioral conditioning approach by Watson
what were the predominant theories of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s?
psychotherapy
humanists
behaviorists
family systems
rise of community mental health
psychotropic medications
biopsychosocial perspective emerges
what is the behavioral approach
theories of learning and conditioning to understand human behavior; treatment of behavioral and psychological problems
rooted in conditioning research of Pavlov, behaviorism of Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, and more
science based, easy to research, greater ease in measuring data and outcomes
emphasized science and practice
what is the cognitive behavioral approach
popular in 70s; emphasis on behavior, but also focus on thinking and attitude of behavior
Bandura, Beck, etc.
focuses on both cognition and behavior and treatment focuses on changing thinking, feeling, to change behavior
what is the humanistic approach
inclusion of philosophy, existentialism, and theories of human growth and potential are highlighted to understand human behavior and psychological functioning
focus on patient’s experience or understanding of their own concerns and offered a warm, empathetic, positive interaction
-third force in psych
what is the family systems approach
used the entire family to understand and treat problematic feelings and behaviors
instead of focusing on an identified patient (or one problematic family member) it grew to a focus of the family dysfunction as a root of an interrelated system
emerged from Bateson Project during 50s
explain the introduction of psychotropic medications
in the 50s, though some medications were used for mental illnesses like opium or insulin, medications for severe disorders became effective
John Cade found by accident that lithium chloride relaxed guinea pigs, a few other similar discoveries occurred in finding relief of anxiety and pain in patients, lowered symptoms of schizophrenia, lowered blood pressure, etc. (creation of medications like Valium for anxiety in 60s)
what happened as a result of psychotropic medication
1950 - 500,000 hospitalized
1998 - 57,000 hospitalized
deinstitutionalization; outpatient services; community mental health movement
what is the biopsychosocial approach
emerged in 70s;
integrative and multidimensional
What was the Salt Lake City Conference
1987 - training models
all clinical psych should have a core cirriculum of research methods, statistics, ethics, history, and assessment, and be on the biological, social, cognitive, and individual difference bases in behavior
