Chapter 3

Question 1

What is the Moro reflex, when does it disappear, and what is the significance?

Answer 1

a baby throws their arms out and then inward in response to loud noise and when its head falls; 6 months; may help the baby cling to its mother

Question 2

What is the stepping reflex, when does it disappear, and what is its significance?

Answer 2

a baby who is held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically; 2-3 months; precursor to voluntary walking

Question 3

What is the sucking reflex, when does it disappear, and what is its significance?

Answer 3

a baby sucks an object when it is placed in its mouth; 4 months; permits feeding

Question 4

What is the palmar reflex, when does it disappear, and what is its significance?

Answer 4

a baby grabs an object placed in the palm of its hand, 3-4 months; precursor to voluntary walking

Question 5

What is the Apgar test?

Answer 5

a quick assessment of newborn status by focusing on the following things: breathing, heartbeat, muscle tone, reflexes, and skin tone; each one is scored from 0-2

Question 6

How many states do newborns typically go through within 1 day?

Answer 6

4

Question 7

state in which the baby is calm with eyes open and attentive; baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment

Answer 7

alert inactivity

Question 8

state in which a baby’s eyes are open but seem unfocused while the arms or legs move in bursts of uncoordinated movement

Answer 8

waking activity

Question 9

cry that starts softly then gradually increases and becomes more intense

Answer 9

basic cry; typically if tired or hungry

Question 10

more intense version of the basic cry

Answer 10

mad cry

Question 11

cry that begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping

Answer 11

pain cry

Question 12

irregular sleep in which an infant’s eyes dart rapidly beneath the eyelids while the body is quite active

Answer 12

irregular or REM sleep

Question 13

sleep in which heart rate, breathing, and brain activity are steady

Answer 13

regular or nonREM sleep

Question 14

How long do most 2 year olds sleep?

Answer 14

13 hours

Question 15

How long do most 6 year olds sleep?

Answer 15

11 hours

Question 16

What are risk factors for SIDS?

Answer 16

premature birth, low birth weight, sleeping face down, parents smoke, wintertime

Question 17

consistent style or pattern of behavior

Answer 17

temperament

Question 18

the theory that simple motor skills can be combined to produce more complex ones

Answer 18

Dynamic Systems Theory

Question 19

At what age do babies develop head control?

Answer 19

1 month

Question 20

At what age do babies roll of their backs to their sides?

Answer 20

4.5 months

Question 21

At what age can babies sit without help?

Answer 21

7 months

Question 22

At what age can babies stand with help?

Answer 22

8 months

Question 23

At what age can babies creep and crawl?

Answer 23

Between 5 and 11 months

Question 24

At what age can babies walk with an adult?

Answer 24

11 months

Question 25

At what age can babies stand without help?

Answer 25

14 months

Question 26

At what age can babies walk alone?

Answer 26

Between 9 and 15 months

Question 27

Who begins to walk sooner, boys or girls?

Answer 27

Girls

Question 28

At what age can toddlers "true run"?

Answer 28

5 years old

Question 29

At what age can babies hold an object in one hand? Both hands?

Answer 29

3 months; 4 months

Question 30

At what age can babies use the ulnar grasp?

Answer 30

7 months

Question 31

At what age do babies develop visually directed reaching?

Answer 31

5 -6 months

Question 32

At what age can babies use the pincer grasp?

Answer 32

6-9 months

Question 33

What types of images do newborns prefer to look at?

Answer 33

High contrast images

Question 34

What two things do babies recognize the scent of?

Answer 34

Their mother, their amniotic fluid

Question 35

What type of tastes do babies prefer?

Answer 35

Salty things; due to amniotic fluid being salty

Question 36

What is the best way to soothe a distressed baby? Why?

Answer 36

Holding and rocking them; they were held in the womb for 38 weeks

Question 37

Describe babies hearings abilities before and after birth.

Answer 37

Babies can recognize voices in the womb and have the same level of hearing we do

Question 38

At what age can babies recognize their own names?

Answer 38

4-5 months

Question 39

What is the cocktail effect?

Answer 39

The belief that our names have significance and when spoken in a loud room with other auditory stimuli, babies and us will turn towards where their name is called and recognize it

Question 40

What is accommodation for babies?

Answer 40

how well they can focus an image; must be within 10 inches of their face

Question 41

What do newborns use for depth perception up until 6 months?

Answer 41

Kinetic clues

Question 42

ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behavior that create an intuitive understanding of the link between the mind and behavior; between ages 2 and 5

Answer 42

Theory of Mind

Question 43

What age do babies develop an idea of self-concept (recognizing themselves in a mirror / picture)?

Answer 43

Between 15 and 18 months