Chapter 2

Question 1

the result of a single fertilized egg splitting to form two new individuals; also called identical twins

Answer 1

monozygotic twins

Question 2

the result of two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm; also called fraternal twins

Answer 2

dizygotic twins

Question 3

Describe the relationship between genes and the environment.

Answer 3

Genes and the environment are dynamically related. They both are powerful influences on development and both must be considered when looking at a person’s development

Question 4

process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one’s genetic makeup

Answer 4

niche-picking

Question 5

forces within a family that make siblings different from one another

Answer 5

nonshared environmental influences

Question 6

What is the period of the zygote?

Answer 6

Week 1 - 2 post-conception

Question 7

fertilized egg, created when a sperm cell penetrates an egg

Answer 7

zygote

Question 8

step in which the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with the women’s blood vessels

Answer 8

implantation

Question 9

What is the period of the embryo?

Answer 9

Weeks 3 - 8 post conception

Question 10

What percent of zygotes are miscarried? Why?

Answer 10

20-45%, people may not know they are pregnant yet

Question 11

What are common symptoms during the period of the embryo?

Answer 11

morning sickness, nausea

Question 12

What percent of pregnancies miscarriage at the embryonic stage? Why?

Answer 12

15%; the placenta fails to develop or function

Question 13

inner sac in which the developing child rests

Answer 13

amnion

Question 14

fluid that surrounds the fetus

Answer 14

amniotic fluid

Question 15

structure containing veins and arteries that connects the placenta and the developing child

Answer 15

umbilical cord

Question 16

What is the role of the placenta?

Answer 16

Provide oxygen, food, remove waste products, make hormones

Question 17

What is the period of the fetus?

Answer 17

Weeks 9 - 38 post conception

Question 18

What are some developments during the period of the fetus?

Answer 18

Organs begin to grow and function, begins to move and roll and kick

Question 19

the feeling when a mother feels the fetus move for the very first time

Answer 19

the quickening

Question 20

age at which the fetus can survive outside the womb because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at 7 months post conception

Answer 20

age of viability

Question 21

How much weight does the fetus typically gain during the last 5 months?

Answer 21

7 or 8 pounds

Question 22

What are the three types of teratogens?

Answer 22

drugs, diseases, environmental influences

Question 23

What are the 5 things to keep in mind about teratogens?

Answer 23

the impact depends on the genotype of the organism, the impact changes over the course of prenatal development, each one affects a different aspect or prenatal development, the impact depends on the dose (higher dose more side effects), damage does not always show at birth and may present later in life

Question 24

What are three problems that children born with FAS face?

Answer 24

grow more slowly, have heart problems, and misshapen faces

Question 25

prenatal diagnosis technique that uses a syringe to withdraw a sample of amniotic fluid through the mother’s abdomen

Answer 25

amniocentesis

Question 26

prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the placenta

Answer 26

chronic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 27

What is the first stage of labor?

Answer 27

Uterus begins to contract; contracts are weak and irregular; lasts until the cervix is 10 cm

Question 28

How long does the first stage of labor last for first time births?

Answer 28

12 to 24 hours

Question 29

What happens in stage 2 of labor?

Answer 29

the baby passes through the cervix and into the vagina; mother begins to push; within about an hour the baby is delivered

Question 30

appearance of the top of the baby’s head during labor

Answer 30

crowning

Question 31

What happens in stage 3 of labor?

Answer 31

the mother pushes a few more times to expel the placenta; only lasts a few minutes; also called the afterbirth

Question 32

the last portion of cervix dilation, between 7 to 10 cm

Answer 32

transition

Question 33

the action of the fetus’s head pushing on the cervix, rupturing the amniotic sac

Answer 33

water breaking

Question 34

At what point of dilation can you receive an epidural?

Answer 34

6 cm dilated

Question 35

the act of inspecting the placenta for any signs of damage or irregularities

Answer 35

inspection

Question 36

substance that protects the fetus’s skin during development

Answer 36

vernix

Question 37

What is considered the “best” form of nutrition for newborns? Why?

Answer 37

breastmilk; it contains the perfect amount of nutrients, is easily digested, and contains live immune cells from the mother

Question 38

When does the AAP recommend transitioning your baby to solid food?

Answer 38

6 months

Question 39

When is formula recommended?

Answer 39

When the mother cannot breastfeed due to her medications or mental health

Question 40

What is a result of parents getting an insufficient amount of sleep?

Answer 40

Depression

Question 41

How long do the baby blues typically last?

Answer 41

1 to 2 weeks

Question 42

What are signs of postpartum depression?

Answer 42

feelings of low self-worth, disturbed sleep, poor appetite, and apathy

Question 43

What is considered a low birth weight?

Answer 43

Babies weighing under 5.5 lbs

Question 44

What is considered a very low birthweight?

Answer 44

babies who weigh less than 3.3 lbs

Question 45

What is considered an extremely low birthweight?

Answer 45

babies who weigh less than 2.2 lbs