Chapter 3 Flashcards
How does smoking work in the body?
substance is burned, resulting in smoke which is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream
What conditions/diseases are caused by smoking?
~ Cardiovascular disease
~ Cancer e.g lung, mouth, stomach
~ Asthma
~ Respiratory disease
Effect of smoking on Cardiovascular disease
~ Reduces amount of oxygen in the blood –> increasing blood pressure and heart rate
~ Chemicals in tobacco smoke speed up process of atherosclerosis –> increase risk of heart attack and stroke –> increase mortality rate
What is atherosclerosis?
Build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to flow through
Effect of smoking on Cancer
~ Tobacco smoke can cause a fault in body cells as they divide –> lead to tumor developing –> increase risk of cancer
*** Effect of smoking on Asthma
~ Asthma: muscles in airways tighten and lining of airway becomes swollen and inflamed, producing sticky mucous
~ Changes cause airways to become narrow, thus more difficult to breath
~ Tobacco smoke increase risk of suffering asthma attack, and make symptoms harder to control.
Effect of smoking on Respiratory disease
~ Cause inflammation of airways and destroy air sacs in lungs, where gas exchange occurs –> increase risk of respiratory disease such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
~ COPD: reduced airflow into lunges and limited ability to use oxygen due to damaged lung tissue
Impacts of smoking on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
~ Increase DALY for cancer and COPD
HEALTH STATUS:
~ Increase mortality and morbidity from CVD, cancer, COPD
~ Increased morbidity from asthma attacks
~ Decrease LE and HALE
What conditions/diseases are caused by Alcohol
~ High BMI
~ Liver Disease
~ Injuries
~ Alcohol use disorders
Effect of alcohol on High BMI
~ Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy
~ Excess consumption of alcohol and energy not used up –> Converted into adipose tissue body fat –> Increase obesity and higher BMI
Effect of alcohol on Liver Disease
~ Alcohol filtered through the liver
~ Excess consumption can cause scarring of liver tissue –> liver not function properly –> toxins remain the body –> chronic liver disease
Effect of alcohol on Injuries
~ Change behaviour when consumed
~ increase risk on mental health issue such as depression –> can lead to self-inflicting injuries such as suicide and self-harm
~ More likely to act impulsively and risk-taking behaviours such as drink driving and displaying aggression
~ Increase mortality and morbidity from injuries and violence
Impacts of Alcohol on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
~ Increase YLL from cancer
~ Increase YLL and YLD from CVD
~ Increase DALY from liver disease
Health Status:
~ Increase incidence and mortality from CVD
~ Higher rates of morbidity due to mental health issues
What conditions/diseases are caused by High BMI
- cardiovascular disease
- type 2 diabetes
- osteoporosis
Effect of High BMI on CVD
- Increase strain on heart –> increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke, as heart is required to work harder
- High BMI can also increase cholesterol levels –> increase risk of CVD
Effect of High BMI on Type 2 diabetes
- Increase excess fat –> Pancreas not produce adequate insulin, or body cannot use insulin effectively (= insulin resistance)
Effect of High BMI on Osteoporosis
~ High BMI put more pressure on joints –> increase risk of osteoarthritis
~ Osteoarthritis = characterised by cartilage being worn down.
~ Increase bodyweight –> cartilage wears down –> bone rubs on bone - cause pain and limited mobility
Impacts of High BMI on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
- YLD for mental health issues, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes and asthma
Heatlth status:
- Increased morbidity and mortality rates due to a range of causes such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease
- Lower life expectancy and HALE
What conditions/diseases are caused by Underconsumption
of vegetables/fruit
- High BMI
- CVD
Effect of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on High BMI
- consume fibre –> feel full for longer –> less likely to consume energy dense foods –> help weight management –> reduce risk of high body mass index
- Rich source of fibre –> reduce risk of weight gain and some cancers such as colorectal cancer (***extra info, do not write in sac as do not want to double cross with fibre fibre)
What are Nutrient dense and nutrient dense foods?
Nutrient dense:
- High in minerals and vitamins (such as magnesium, vitamin C), low in kilojoules
- High in fibre and antioxidants.
Energy dense:
- Contain high amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein –> thus higher amounts of energy to diet
Effect of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on CVD
- Veggies/fruit source of antioxidants –> help reduce impact of free radicals in body
- Free radicals molecules that can damage body cells –> increase rates of morbidity and mortality due to conditions such as CVD and cancer
- Antioxidants target free radicals and eliminate from body –> reduce BOD from conditions
- Underconsumption –> antioxidant low, increase risk of conditions.
What are free radicals?
- Molecules formed when oxygen is metabolised.
- Can damage healthy body cells –> increase risk of diseases e.g CVD and cancer
What are antioxidants
Compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals
Impacts of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
- YLL and YLD associated with high body mass index, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers
Health Status:
- Increased levels of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and some cancers
- Lower life expectancy and hale
What conditions/diseases are caused by Underconsumption
of Dairy
- Osteoporosis
- Dental caries
Effect of Underconsumption of dairy on Osteoporosis
~ Dairy rich source of calcium, mineral responsible for strengthening bones –> preventing osteoporosis
~ Underconsumption: bones weaken –> increase osteoporosis
Effect of Underconsumption of dairy on dental caries
lack of calcium –> teeth weaken –> increase risk of dental caries
Impacts of Underconsumption of dairy on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
~ Increase YLD from osteoporosis/dental caries
Health Status:
~ Morbidity due to osteoporosis
~ Incidence of dental caries
What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of Fat
- CVD
- High BMI
- Typer 2 Diabetes
What is LDL?
LDL = low density lipo-protein = bad cholesterol
~ Build up on artery walls causing blockages
~ E.g Fried food, fast food products
~ Can lead to heart attacks which can increase YLL, lower life expectancy
What is HDL
HDL = high density lipo-protein = good cholesterol
~ Prevent build on artery walls
~ E.g Fish (salmon), nuts
Effect of High Intake of Fat on CVD (HDL and LDL)
Too much LDL in blood –> deposited on walls of blood vessels –> blood less room to travel to cells
Cause cholesterol to deposit other substances to remain –> arteries become narrow and harden (Atherosclerosis, main factor in most CVD)
~ HDL slow process of atherosclerosis –> reduce risk of heart disease and stroke
What are considered ‘good’ fats? on CVD
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated:
~ Reduce levels of LDL cholesterol in body –> reduce risk of CVD
~ Polyunsaturated fates increase HDl –> reduce blood clots and inflammation –> reduce risk of heart attack and stroke
What are considered ‘bad’ fats?
~ Saturated and trans fat
~ Increase LDL cholesterol levels in blood –> increase risk of CVD
~ Trans fats decrease levels of HDL cholesterol –> increase heart attack and stroke
Effect of High Intake of Fat on High BMI
- Fat used as fuel for energy production where burn down into glucose to form energy.
- If fat stores and energy not used up –> convert back to fat –> obesity and High BMI
Effect of High Intake of Fat on Typer 2 Diabetes
Change structure of cell membrances –> interfere transport of glucose into cell –> impair glucose regulation –> prevent pancreas to produce insulin –> increase risk of type 2 diabetes
Impacts of High Intake of Fat on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
- Increase DALY from CVD and type 2 diabetes
Health Status:
- Increase mortality and morbidity from CVD and type 2 diabetes
- Lower LE and HALE
What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of salt
- Hypertension
- CVD
Effect of High Intake of Salt on Hypertension
High levels of sodium –> draw excess fluid out of cells –> increase blood volume –> increase hypertension
Effect of High Intake of Salt on CVD
Increase blood volume and hypertension –> forcce heart to work harder –> increase heart failure if heart cannot keep up with demand from body
Impacts of High Intake of Salt on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
- DALY due to hypertension, heart failure, stroke
Health Status:
- Morbidity and mortality from hypertension, heart failure, stroke
- Lower LE and HALE
What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of sugar
- High BMI
- Dental Caries
Effect of High Intake of Sugar on High BMI
Suagr required as fuel for energy production –> excess consumption –> stored as adipose (fat) tissue –> increase weight
Effect of High Intake of Sugar on Dental caries
Food source for bacteria in the mouth –> bacteria produce acids –> increase dental decay and dental caries
Impacts of High Intake of Sugar on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
- DALY from High BMI
- YLD from dental caries
Health Status:
- High mortality rate from High BMI
- Incidence and prevalence of dental caries
What is fibre?
- Carbohydrate
- Not absorbed by body, travels through digestive system –> promote fullness –> keep digestive tract clean by adding bulk to faeces
- Two Types of fibre
What are the 2 types of fibre?
Soluble: Absorbs water (e.g Oats, fruits, soy products)
Insoluble: Not absorb water (e.g skin of fruits/veggies, nuts, wholegrain foods)
What conditions/diseases are caused by Low Intake of Fibre
- Colorectal Cancer
- CVD
- High BMI
Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on colorectal cancer
Fibre add bulk to faeces and help clean digestive system –> reduce risk of abnormal cells forming in colon and rectum
- Low intake –> increase colorectal cancer
Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on CVD
Soluble fibre attach to particles of LDL cholesterol and help excrete them –> decreal levels of cholesterol –> reduce CVD
Low intake –> increase CVD
Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on High BMI
- Soluble fibre form mushy substance –> slow digestion and delay absorption of glucose in blood stream –> promote fullness
- Low intake –> overeating, more glucose absorbed in body –> increase High BMI
Impacts of Low Intake of Fibre on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
- DALY from colorectal cancer and CVD
Health Status:
- Increase morbidity and mortality rate from colorectal and CVD
What conditions/diseases are caused by Low Intake of Iron
Anaemia
Effect of Low Intake of Iron and anaemia
- Iron vital for blood
- Low iron –> iron deficiency anaemia, characterised by weakness and tiredness
What is Anaemia
Condition
- Reduced ability of body to deliver enough oxygen to cells due to lack of healthy red blood cells
What food source contains iron
- Red meat (high saturated fat)
- Nuts
- Eggs
Impacts of Low Intake of Iron on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD:
- YLD from anaemia
Health Status
- Incidence and prevalence of anaemia
