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VCE Unit 3 Health and Human Development AOS1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How does smoking work in the body?

A

substance is burned, resulting in smoke which is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by smoking?

A

~ Cardiovascular disease
~ Cancer e.g lung, mouth, stomach
~ Asthma
~ Respiratory disease

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3
Q

Effect of smoking on Cardiovascular disease

A

~ Reduces amount of oxygen in the blood –> increasing blood pressure and heart rate
~ Chemicals in tobacco smoke speed up process of atherosclerosis –> increase risk of heart attack and stroke –> increase mortality rate

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4
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to flow through

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5
Q

Effect of smoking on Cancer

A

~ Tobacco smoke can cause a fault in body cells as they divide –> lead to tumor developing –> increase risk of cancer

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6
Q

*** Effect of smoking on Asthma

A

~ Asthma: muscles in airways tighten and lining of airway becomes swollen and inflamed, producing sticky mucous
~ Changes cause airways to become narrow, thus more difficult to breath
~ Tobacco smoke increase risk of suffering asthma attack, and make symptoms harder to control.

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7
Q

Effect of smoking on Respiratory disease

A

~ Cause inflammation of airways and destroy air sacs in lungs, where gas exchange occurs –> increase risk of respiratory disease such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
~ COPD: reduced airflow into lunges and limited ability to use oxygen due to damaged lung tissue

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8
Q

Impacts of smoking on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
~ Increase DALY for cancer and COPD

HEALTH STATUS:
~ Increase mortality and morbidity from CVD, cancer, COPD
~ Increased morbidity from asthma attacks
~ Decrease LE and HALE

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9
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by Alcohol

A

~ High BMI
~ Liver Disease
~ Injuries
~ Alcohol use disorders

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10
Q

Effect of alcohol on High BMI

A

~ Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy
~ Excess consumption of alcohol and energy not used up –> Converted into adipose tissue body fat –> Increase obesity and higher BMI

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11
Q

Effect of alcohol on Liver Disease

A

~ Alcohol filtered through the liver
~ Excess consumption can cause scarring of liver tissue –> liver not function properly –> toxins remain the body –> chronic liver disease

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12
Q

Effect of alcohol on Injuries

A

~ Change behaviour when consumed
~ increase risk on mental health issue such as depression –> can lead to self-inflicting injuries such as suicide and self-harm
~ More likely to act impulsively and risk-taking behaviours such as drink driving and displaying aggression
~ Increase mortality and morbidity from injuries and violence

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13
Q

Impacts of Alcohol on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
~ Increase YLL from cancer
~ Increase YLL and YLD from CVD
~ Increase DALY from liver disease

Health Status:
~ Increase incidence and mortality from CVD
~ Higher rates of morbidity due to mental health issues

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14
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by High BMI

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • type 2 diabetes
  • osteoporosis
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15
Q

Effect of High BMI on CVD

A
  • Increase strain on heart –> increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke, as heart is required to work harder
  • High BMI can also increase cholesterol levels –> increase risk of CVD
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16
Q

Effect of High BMI on Type 2 diabetes

A
  • Increase excess fat –> Pancreas not produce adequate insulin, or body cannot use insulin effectively (= insulin resistance)
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17
Q

Effect of High BMI on Osteoporosis

A

~ High BMI put more pressure on joints –> increase risk of osteoarthritis
~ Osteoarthritis = characterised by cartilage being worn down.
~ Increase bodyweight –> cartilage wears down –> bone rubs on bone - cause pain and limited mobility

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18
Q

Impacts of High BMI on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
- YLD for mental health issues, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes and asthma

Heatlth status:

  • Increased morbidity and mortality rates due to a range of causes such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease
  • Lower life expectancy and HALE
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19
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by Underconsumption

of vegetables/fruit

A
  • High BMI

- CVD

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20
Q

Effect of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on High BMI

A
  • consume fibre –> feel full for longer –> less likely to consume energy dense foods –> help weight management –> reduce risk of high body mass index
  • Rich source of fibre –> reduce risk of weight gain and some cancers such as colorectal cancer (***extra info, do not write in sac as do not want to double cross with fibre fibre)
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21
Q

What are Nutrient dense and nutrient dense foods?

A

Nutrient dense:

  • High in minerals and vitamins (such as magnesium, vitamin C), low in kilojoules
  • High in fibre and antioxidants.

Energy dense:
- Contain high amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein –> thus higher amounts of energy to diet

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22
Q

Effect of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on CVD

A
  • Veggies/fruit source of antioxidants –> help reduce impact of free radicals in body
  • Free radicals molecules that can damage body cells –> increase rates of morbidity and mortality due to conditions such as CVD and cancer
  • Antioxidants target free radicals and eliminate from body –> reduce BOD from conditions
  • Underconsumption –> antioxidant low, increase risk of conditions.
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23
Q

What are free radicals?

A
  • Molecules formed when oxygen is metabolised.

- Can damage healthy body cells –> increase risk of diseases e.g CVD and cancer

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24
Q

What are antioxidants

A

Compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals

25
Q

Impacts of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
- YLL and YLD associated with high body mass index, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers

Health Status:

  • Increased levels of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and some cancers
  • Lower life expectancy and hale
26
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by Underconsumption

of Dairy

A
  • Osteoporosis

- Dental caries

27
Q

Effect of Underconsumption of dairy on Osteoporosis

A

~ Dairy rich source of calcium, mineral responsible for strengthening bones –> preventing osteoporosis
~ Underconsumption: bones weaken –> increase osteoporosis

28
Q

Effect of Underconsumption of dairy on dental caries

A

lack of calcium –> teeth weaken –> increase risk of dental caries

29
Q

Impacts of Underconsumption of dairy on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
~ Increase YLD from osteoporosis/dental caries

Health Status:
~ Morbidity due to osteoporosis
~ Incidence of dental caries

30
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of Fat

A
  • CVD
  • High BMI
  • Typer 2 Diabetes
31
Q

What is LDL?

A

LDL = low density lipo-protein = bad cholesterol
~ Build up on artery walls causing blockages
~ E.g Fried food, fast food products
~ Can lead to heart attacks which can increase YLL, lower life expectancy

32
Q

What is HDL

A

HDL = high density lipo-protein = good cholesterol
~ Prevent build on artery walls
~ E.g Fish (salmon), nuts

33
Q

Effect of High Intake of Fat on CVD (HDL and LDL)

A

Too much LDL in blood –> deposited on walls of blood vessels –> blood less room to travel to cells
Cause cholesterol to deposit other substances to remain –> arteries become narrow and harden (Atherosclerosis, main factor in most CVD)
~ HDL slow process of atherosclerosis –> reduce risk of heart disease and stroke

34
Q

What are considered ‘good’ fats? on CVD

A

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated:
~ Reduce levels of LDL cholesterol in body –> reduce risk of CVD
~ Polyunsaturated fates increase HDl –> reduce blood clots and inflammation –> reduce risk of heart attack and stroke

35
Q

What are considered ‘bad’ fats?

A

~ Saturated and trans fat
~ Increase LDL cholesterol levels in blood –> increase risk of CVD
~ Trans fats decrease levels of HDL cholesterol –> increase heart attack and stroke

36
Q

Effect of High Intake of Fat on High BMI

A
  • Fat used as fuel for energy production where burn down into glucose to form energy.
  • If fat stores and energy not used up –> convert back to fat –> obesity and High BMI
37
Q

Effect of High Intake of Fat on Typer 2 Diabetes

A

Change structure of cell membrances –> interfere transport of glucose into cell –> impair glucose regulation –> prevent pancreas to produce insulin –> increase risk of type 2 diabetes

38
Q

Impacts of High Intake of Fat on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
- Increase DALY from CVD and type 2 diabetes

Health Status:

  • Increase mortality and morbidity from CVD and type 2 diabetes
  • Lower LE and HALE
39
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of salt

A
  • Hypertension

- CVD

40
Q

Effect of High Intake of Salt on Hypertension

A

High levels of sodium –> draw excess fluid out of cells –> increase blood volume –> increase hypertension

41
Q

Effect of High Intake of Salt on CVD

A

Increase blood volume and hypertension –> forcce heart to work harder –> increase heart failure if heart cannot keep up with demand from body

42
Q

Impacts of High Intake of Salt on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
- DALY due to hypertension, heart failure, stroke

Health Status:

  • Morbidity and mortality from hypertension, heart failure, stroke
  • Lower LE and HALE
43
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of sugar

A
  • High BMI

- Dental Caries

44
Q

Effect of High Intake of Sugar on High BMI

A

Suagr required as fuel for energy production –> excess consumption –> stored as adipose (fat) tissue –> increase weight

45
Q

Effect of High Intake of Sugar on Dental caries

A

Food source for bacteria in the mouth –> bacteria produce acids –> increase dental decay and dental caries

46
Q

Impacts of High Intake of Sugar on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:

  • DALY from High BMI
  • YLD from dental caries

Health Status:

  • High mortality rate from High BMI
  • Incidence and prevalence of dental caries
47
Q

What is fibre?

A
  • Carbohydrate
  • Not absorbed by body, travels through digestive system –> promote fullness –> keep digestive tract clean by adding bulk to faeces
  • Two Types of fibre
48
Q

What are the 2 types of fibre?

A

Soluble: Absorbs water (e.g Oats, fruits, soy products)
Insoluble: Not absorb water (e.g skin of fruits/veggies, nuts, wholegrain foods)

49
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by Low Intake of Fibre

A
  • Colorectal Cancer
  • CVD
  • High BMI
50
Q

Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on colorectal cancer

A

Fibre add bulk to faeces and help clean digestive system –> reduce risk of abnormal cells forming in colon and rectum
- Low intake –> increase colorectal cancer

51
Q

Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on CVD

A

Soluble fibre attach to particles of LDL cholesterol and help excrete them –> decreal levels of cholesterol –> reduce CVD
Low intake –> increase CVD

52
Q

Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on High BMI

A
  • Soluble fibre form mushy substance –> slow digestion and delay absorption of glucose in blood stream –> promote fullness
  • Low intake –> overeating, more glucose absorbed in body –> increase High BMI
53
Q

Impacts of Low Intake of Fibre on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
- DALY from colorectal cancer and CVD

Health Status:
- Increase morbidity and mortality rate from colorectal and CVD

54
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by Low Intake of Iron

A

Anaemia

55
Q

Effect of Low Intake of Iron and anaemia

A
  • Iron vital for blood

- Low iron –> iron deficiency anaemia, characterised by weakness and tiredness

56
Q

What is Anaemia

A

Condition

- Reduced ability of body to deliver enough oxygen to cells due to lack of healthy red blood cells

57
Q

What food source contains iron

A
  • Red meat (high saturated fat)
  • Nuts
  • Eggs
58
Q

Impacts of Low Intake of Iron on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
- YLD from anaemia

Health Status
- Incidence and prevalence of anaemia

VCE Unit 3 Health and Human Development AOS1 (5 decks)

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