Chapter 3 Flashcards
From conception until zygote enters uterus and becomes implanted (8-10 days post conception)
Placenta forms - allows food and oxygen to reach zygote
Germinal period
from implantation until end of the 8th week
sexual differentiation has begun
during this period, the embryo is especially vulnerable to harm from teratogens (e.g., the mother smoking).
EMBRYONIC PERIOD
- 9th week until birth
- The fetus dramatically grows in weight and length.
- The brain and all organ systems increase in complexity.
FETAL PERIOD
agents that cause damage to an embryo or fetus
- Greatest risk during first 8 weeks of gestation
TERATOGENS
which teratogen?
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, cognitive defects, heart damage, retarded growth
alcohol
Which teratogen
- lower birth weight, decreased muscle tone
caffeine
which teratogen?
- low birth weight, less motor control
marijuana
which teratogen
- retarded growth, possible cognitive impairments
nicotine
which teratogen
- deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skills
aspirin
lack of folic acid increases risk of….
spina bifida
how many days after conception does labor typically begin? weeks?
266 days = 38 wks
longest stage of labour and how long?
dilation of the cervix takes about 12-14 hrs for first birth
total time for the baby to be propelled down the birth canal
usually about one hour
the surge of stress hormones for a baby during birth are needed for 3 reasons…
for lungs to function properly
increase metabolic rate
induces state of alertness
Apgar scale (0-10)
assesses physical condition, low = bad
each of these five factors are given a score out of 2 in the apgar scale
- Heart rate
- Respiratory effort
- Muscle tone
- Reflex responsivity
- Color
what defines a premature baby
birth greater than 3 wks before due date
3 consequences of low birth weight
- breathing difficulties (ie. IRDS)
- spend time in isolette (not always but often
- special infant stimulation (kangaroo care) is beneficial
when you touch a baby’s lips and roof of their mouth, the bay will orient toward what has touched them
rooting reflex
automatically beginning to suck, anticipating a nipple as a source of nutrition
sucking reflex:
newborn is limited to one of four states:
- Alert inactivity
- Waking activity
- Crying
- Sleeping
how many hours does a newborn typically sleep a day?
16-18 hrs/day
at what month are most babies able to sleep for the better part of the night
6/7 months
individualist culture
favor separate crib for infant
- Collectivist cultures
favor co-sleeping
when is co-sleeping safe?
as long as a parent isn’t obese, isn’t a smoker, the mattress is firm, and the bed isn’t covered in pillows, quilts, or other items
- this may have evolved as a signal to promote caregiving.
crying!
