Chapter 3

Question 1

From conception until zygote enters uterus and becomes implanted (8-10 days post conception)
Placenta forms - allows food and oxygen to reach zygote

Answer 1

Germinal period

Question 2

from implantation until end of the 8th week
sexual differentiation has begun
during this period, the embryo is especially vulnerable to harm from teratogens (e.g., the mother smoking).

Answer 2

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

Question 3

• 9th week until birth
• The fetus dramatically grows in weight and length.
• The brain and all organ systems increase in complexity.

Answer 3

FETAL PERIOD

Question 4

agents that cause damage to an embryo or fetus

- Greatest risk during first 8 weeks of gestation

Answer 4

TERATOGENS

Question 5

which teratogen?

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, cognitive defects, heart damage, retarded growth

Answer 5

alcohol

Question 6

Which teratogen

- lower birth weight, decreased muscle tone

Answer 6

caffeine

Question 7

which teratogen?

- low birth weight, less motor control

Answer 7

marijuana

Question 8

which teratogen

- retarded growth, possible cognitive impairments

Answer 8

nicotine

Question 9

which teratogen

- deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skills

Answer 9

aspirin

Question 10

lack of folic acid increases risk of….

Answer 10

spina bifida

Question 11

how many days after conception does labor typically begin? weeks?

Answer 11

266 days = 38 wks

Question 12

longest stage of labour and how long?

Answer 12

dilation of the cervix takes about 12-14 hrs for first birth

Question 13

total time for the baby to be propelled down the birth canal

Answer 13

usually about one hour

Question 14

the surge of stress hormones for a baby during birth are needed for 3 reasons…

Answer 14

for lungs to function properly
increase metabolic rate
induces state of alertness

Question 15

Apgar scale (0-10)

Answer 15

assesses physical condition, low = bad

Question 16

each of these five factors are given a score out of 2 in the apgar scale

Answer 16

• Heart rate
• Respiratory effort
• Muscle tone
• Reflex responsivity
• Color

Question 17

what defines a premature baby

Answer 17

birth greater than 3 wks before due date

Question 18

3 consequences of low birth weight

Answer 18

• breathing difficulties (ie. IRDS)
• spend time in isolette (not always but often
• special infant stimulation (kangaroo care) is beneficial

Question 19

when you touch a baby’s lips and roof of their mouth, the bay will orient toward what has touched them

Answer 19

rooting reflex

Question 20

automatically beginning to suck, anticipating a nipple as a source of nutrition

Answer 20

sucking reflex:

Question 21

newborn is limited to one of four states:

Answer 21

• Alert inactivity
• Waking activity
• Crying
• Sleeping

Question 22

how many hours does a newborn typically sleep a day?

Answer 22

16-18 hrs/day

Question 23

at what month are most babies able to sleep for the better part of the night

Answer 23

6/7 months

Question 24

individualist culture

Answer 24

favor separate crib for infant

Question 25

• Collectivist cultures

Answer 25

favor co-sleeping

Question 26

when is co-sleeping safe?

Answer 26

as long as a parent isn’t obese, isn’t a smoker, the mattress is firm, and the bed isn’t covered in pillows, quilts, or other items

Question 27

• this may have evolved as a signal to promote caregiving.

Answer 27

crying!