Chapter 1 Flashcards
Baby biography, discovered prenatal growth was strikingly similar in many different species
Charles Darwin
Believed children inherently selfish, must be restrained by society, and were born evil and stubborn
Thomas Hobbes
Children born with intuitive sense of right and wrong, often corrupted by society
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Children are a tabula rasa = blank slate. Nurture is key to child development
John Locke
Found of developmental psychology. Popularized the normative approach
G. Stanley Hall
Assumption: Development determined primarily by biological forces
Theories: Maturational theory, Ethological theory
Perspective: Biological
Assumption: Development is determined primarily by how a child resolves conflict at different ages
Theories: Freud’s Stages of PSychosexual Development, Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Perspective: Psychodynamic
Assumptions: development is determined primarily by a child’s environment
Theories: Skinner’s operant conditioning, Bandura’s social learning theory
Perspective: Learning
Assumptions: development is determined primarily by a child’s environment
Theories: Skinner’s operant conditioning, Bandura’s social learning theory
Perspective: Learning
Assumptionss: Development reflects children’s efforts to understand the world
Theories: Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Perspective: Cognitive-developmental
Assumptions: Development is influenced by immediate and distant environments, which typically influence each other
Theories: Vygotsky’s emphasis on the importance of culture, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
Perspective: Contextual
Assumptions: Development is understood by analogy to the workings of a computer, with mental hardware and software, as well as input and output processes
Theories: Information-processing theory
Perspective: Information-processing
Assumptions: Development is influenced by the process of evolution, which favours characteristics of children that have value to the survival of the species
Theories: Bjorklund and Pellegrini’s emphasis on unity of several fields through evolutionary theory, Martin Smith’s emphasis on the survival value of relationships btwn grandchild and grandparents
Perspective: Evolutionary Theory
Assumptions: Developmental outcome is shaped by many different variables, including both biological, genetic, and environmental factors
Theories: Mash and Wolfe’s emphasis on dynamic transformation throughout the lifespan and focus on how abnormal development can occur
Perspective: Developmental Psychopathology
involves watching people and carefully recording what they do or say
used in situations in which it would be impractical or unethical to conduct experimental research
Systematic observation
Takes place in natural environment
Haskett & Kistner (1991) did study on abused vs non-abused children during playtime
Naturalistic observation
researcher creates setting designed to elicit behaviour of interest
Mischel’s “marshmallow experiment”
structured observation
used when a behaviour is not directly observable
Williams et al., (1975) and gender stereotypes in children
Sampling behaviour with tasks
questionaires or interviews
More often used for older children, or adolescents, who are more aware of their thoughts and reasons for having them
Serlf-reports
Groups of subjects are selected at each of a series of ages at one point in time
E.g. 3 different groups (aged 3,4,5) and examined all of them
Cross-sectional designs
Follow the same individual over a period of time
E.g. tracking student popularity with classmates over 5 years
Longitudinal designs
begins with at least two age groups and follows each over a number of years… companions of each group to itself at an earlier testing point
sequential designs
What perspective?
Maturational theory
Ethological theory
Biological
What perspective?
Freud’s stages of ____ _____
Erikson’s stages of ___ ____
psychodynamic
What perspective?
Skinner’s ____ ____
Bandura’s ____ _____
Learning
What perspective?
Piaget’s stages of ___ ______
cognitive development
What perspective?
Vygotsky’s ____ __ ___ _____
Bronfenbrenner’s _____ ___ ___
Contextual
What perspective?
Information processing theory
Information-processing
What perspective?
Bjorklund and Pellegrini
Martin Smith’s
Evolutionary theory
Mash and Wolfe’s
Developmental psychopathology
The id is…
A reservoir of primitive instincts and drives
the ego is…
practical, rational component of personality
The moral agent in a child’s personality is…
superego
