Chapter 1

Question 1

Baby biography, discovered prenatal growth was strikingly similar in many different species

Answer 1

Charles Darwin

Question 2

Believed children inherently selfish, must be restrained by society, and were born evil and stubborn

Answer 2

Thomas Hobbes

Question 3

Children born with intuitive sense of right and wrong, often corrupted by society

Answer 3

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 4

Children are a tabula rasa = blank slate. Nurture is key to child development

Answer 4

John Locke

Question 5

Found of developmental psychology. Popularized the normative approach

Answer 5

G. Stanley Hall

Question 6

Assumption: Development determined primarily by biological forces
Theories: Maturational theory, Ethological theory

Answer 6

Perspective: Biological

Question 7

Assumption: Development is determined primarily by how a child resolves conflict at different ages
Theories: Freud’s Stages of PSychosexual Development, Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 7

Perspective: Psychodynamic

Question 8

Assumptions: development is determined primarily by a child’s environment
Theories: Skinner’s operant conditioning, Bandura’s social learning theory

Answer 8

Perspective: Learning

Question 9

Assumptions: development is determined primarily by a child’s environment
Theories: Skinner’s operant conditioning, Bandura’s social learning theory

Answer 9

Perspective: Learning

Question 10

Assumptionss: Development reflects children’s efforts to understand the world
Theories: Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 10

Perspective: Cognitive-developmental

Question 11

Assumptions: Development is influenced by immediate and distant environments, which typically influence each other
Theories: Vygotsky’s emphasis on the importance of culture, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 11

Perspective: Contextual

Question 12

Assumptions: Development is understood by analogy to the workings of a computer, with mental hardware and software, as well as input and output processes
Theories: Information-processing theory

Answer 12

Perspective: Information-processing

Question 13

Assumptions: Development is influenced by the process of evolution, which favours characteristics of children that have value to the survival of the species
Theories: Bjorklund and Pellegrini’s emphasis on unity of several fields through evolutionary theory, Martin Smith’s emphasis on the survival value of relationships btwn grandchild and grandparents

Answer 13

Perspective: Evolutionary Theory

Question 14

Assumptions: Developmental outcome is shaped by many different variables, including both biological, genetic, and environmental factors
Theories: Mash and Wolfe’s emphasis on dynamic transformation throughout the lifespan and focus on how abnormal development can occur

Answer 14

Perspective: Developmental Psychopathology

Question 15

involves watching people and carefully recording what they do or say
used in situations in which it would be impractical or unethical to conduct experimental research

Answer 15

Systematic observation

Question 16

Takes place in natural environment

Haskett & Kistner (1991) did study on abused vs non-abused children during playtime

Answer 16

Naturalistic observation

Question 17

researcher creates setting designed to elicit behaviour of interest
Mischel’s “marshmallow experiment”

Answer 17

structured observation

Question 18

used when a behaviour is not directly observable

Williams et al., (1975) and gender stereotypes in children

Answer 18

Sampling behaviour with tasks

Question 19

questionaires or interviews

More often used for older children, or adolescents, who are more aware of their thoughts and reasons for having them

Answer 19

Serlf-reports

Question 20

Groups of subjects are selected at each of a series of ages at one point in time
E.g. 3 different groups (aged 3,4,5) and examined all of them

Answer 20

Cross-sectional designs

Question 21

Follow the same individual over a period of time

E.g. tracking student popularity with classmates over 5 years

Answer 21

Longitudinal designs

Question 22

begins with at least two age groups and follows each over a number of years… companions of each group to itself at an earlier testing point

Answer 22

sequential designs

Question 23

What perspective?
Maturational theory
Ethological theory

Answer 23

Biological

Question 24

What perspective?
Freud’s stages of ____ _____
Erikson’s stages of ___ ____

Answer 24

psychodynamic

Question 25

What perspective?
Skinner’s ____ ____
Bandura’s ____ _____

Answer 25

Learning

Question 26

What perspective?

Piaget’s stages of ___ ______

Answer 26

cognitive development

Question 27

What perspective?
Vygotsky’s ____ __ ___ _____
Bronfenbrenner’s _____ ___ ___

Answer 27

Contextual

Question 28

What perspective?

Information processing theory

Answer 28

Information-processing

Question 29

What perspective?
Bjorklund and Pellegrini
Martin Smith’s

Answer 29

Evolutionary theory

Question 30

Mash and Wolfe’s

Answer 30

Developmental psychopathology

Question 31

The id is…

Answer 31

A reservoir of primitive instincts and drives

Question 32

the ego is…

Answer 32

practical, rational component of personality

Question 33

The moral agent in a child’s personality is…

Answer 33

superego