Chapter 3

Question 1

ionic interactions

Answer 1

cation/anion

Question 2

dipole-dipole interactions

Answer 2

orientation of oppositely charges ends of dipoles gives attractive interactions

Question 3

Van der Waals forces

Answer 3

transient dipoles cause non-polar molecules to aggregate

(example: long-chain hydrocarbon, pentane, with more surface area compared to neopentane, which results in higher bp for pentane)

Question 4

hydrogen bonding

Answer 4

interaction of H atom that is covalently bound to an electronegative atom with an electronegative atom with an electronegative atom in another molecule that cases them to aggregate. Weaker than ionic or covalend bonds, but can be stronger then dipole-dipole or van der waals (see H-bonding in biological systems)

Question 5

solubility

Answer 5

the ability to be dissolved, usually in water

Question 6

solvent

Answer 6

able to dissolve other substances

Question 7

solute

Answer 7

dissolved in the solvent

Question 8

solvation

Answer 8

the process by which solvent molecules surround and interact with solute ions or molecules

Question 9

acid base theory

Answer 9

arrhenius
bronsted lowry
lewis

Question 10

polar solvent

Answer 10

has large partial charges or dipole moments

Question 11

examples of protic solvent

Answer 11

isopropyl alcohol and acetic acid

Question 12

protic solvent

Answer 12

a solvent that has a hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen, a nitrogen or a flouride

Question 13

aprotic solvent

Answer 13

solvents that neither donate nor accept protons

Question 14

arrhenius theory

Answer 14

acids are substances that dissociate in water to yield electrically charged atoms or molecules, called ions, one of which is a hydrogen ion (H+), and that bases ionize in water to yield hydroxide ions (OH−).

Question 15

bronsted lowry theory

Answer 15

any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base. A proton is a nuclear particle with a unit positive electrical charge; it is represented by the symbol H+ because it constitutes the nucleus of a hydrogen atom.

Question 16

lewis

Answer 16

A Lewis acid is therefore any substance, such as the H+ ion, that can accept a pair of nonbonding electrons. In other words, a Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor. A Lewis base is any substance, such as the OH- ion, that can donate a pair of nonbonding electrons. A Lewis base is therefore an electron-pair donor.