Chapter 3 Flashcards by Julie Hernandez

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Primary granules: azurophilic granules
Secondary granules: unsaturated lactoferrin
Azurophilic granules: myeloperoxidase
Gelatinase: iron sequestration
Tertiary granules: natural killer cells

Tertiary granules: natural killer cells

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Which of the following is not associated with mobilization of neutrophils to infected tissue?

TNF-alpha production by macrophages
Upregulation of selectins on blood vessel endothelium
Interferon response
Generation of a CXL8 gradient
Extravasation across endothelium and proteolysis of basement membrane of blood vessels

Interferon response

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Lectins recognize microbial__.

Phosphate-containing lipoteichoic acids
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Flagellin
Peptides

Carbohydrates

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Scavenger receptor SR-B recognizes__.

Lipopolysaccharides
Teichoic acid
Filamentous hemagglutinin
CpG-rich bacterial DNA
Lipids

Lipids

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Macrophages bear on their surface receptors for all of the following except__.

Mannose and glucans
C3b
Muramyl dipeptide and CpG-rich bacterial DNA
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipoteichoic acid

Muramyl dipeptide and CpG-rich bacterial DNA

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The pH of the phagosome increases following phagocytosis because__.

The microbe delivers a significant number of hydroxyl ions in its cytosol that are released upon membrane disruption
Hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase
Azurophilic granules deliver alkaline substances
Catalase consumes hydrogen ions once activated
Hydroxyl ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase

Hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase

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__are structurally similar membrane-bound proteins that aid in the adhesion between various types of human cell.

Interferons
Integrins
GTP-binding proteins
Pyrogens
Pentraxins

Integrins

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Which of the following cleaves C2?

Factor B
C1r
MASP-2 and C1s
C4
C6b

MASP-2 and C1s

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Identify which of the following receptors does not lead to nuclear translocation of NFkB through an activated IKK intermediate.

TLR4
IL-1 receptor
NOD1
NOD2
All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NFkB through an activated IKK intermediate

All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NFkB through an activated IKK intermediate

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Toxic oxygen species including superoxide hydrogen peroxide singlet oxygen, hydroxyl peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hypophalite, and nitric oxide are produced during the respiratory burst in macrophages and neutrophils. Simultaneously extra-phagosomal production of enzymes that neutralize these compounds occurs. Specifically, superoxide dismutase metabolizes superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Which is further metabolized by catalase to innocuous water and molecular oxygen.

True

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All of the following cytokines induce fever except__.

IL-12
IL-6
TNF-alpha
None of the above

IL-12

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All of the following characterize serum amyloid protein except__.

It contains approximately 100 amino acids
It interacts with CD36 scavenger receptor
It increases in concentration by 25% or more in response to infection
It associates with high-density lipoprotein particles
It activates the classical pathway of complement activation

It activates the classical pathway of complement activation

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All of the following are true of MyD88 except__.

It binds to the TIR domains of all Toll-like receptors except TLR3
It binds to IRAK4, a protein kinase, causing the kinase to phosphorylate itself
It is an adaptor protein with similar function to TRIF
A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency

A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency

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__help to prevent systemic bacterial dissemination by producing chromatin structures isolated with antimicrobial substances.

Inflammasomes
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
RIG-1 like helicases
Granulomas
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

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__is not an opsonin.

Mannose-binding lectin
IFN-alpha
C-reactive protein
Surfactant protein-A (SP-A)
Surfactant protein D (SP-D)

IFN-alpha

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Measurement of which of the following is commonly used when monitoring patients with autoimmune diseases as an indicator of inflammatory relapse?

IL-1RA
Cryopyrin
C-reactive protein (CRP)
proIL-1beta
IL-15

C-reactive protein (CRP)

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An Adaptor protein in the inflammasome is required to link _____ to the NOD-like receptor NLRP3.

a. MyD88
b. Procapspase-1
c. RIOK2
d. TAKI
e. IKK

Procapspase-1

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Toll-like receptors are located ___

Only on the plasma membrane
On the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane
On the plasma membrane and endosomal membrane
Only in the cytoplasm
Inside inflammasomes

On the plasma membrane and endosomal membrane

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Toll-like receptor differ from scavenger receptors in that they ___

Bind to common repetitive arrays on microbial surfaces
Stimulate a pathway that causes enzymatic degradation of the microbe to which they bind
Are soluble receptors that bind to microbes in extracellular spaces
Mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production

Mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production

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Immediately after engagement of NK-cell Toll like receptors, the NK cell

Discharges cytotoxic granules
Lifates IL-12R/beta1 and IL-12Rbeta2
Synthesizes and secretes IL-15
Synthesizes and secretes IL-12
Synthesizes and secrete type I interferons

Synthesizes and secrete type I interferons

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The Toll-Like receptor that is able to signal through both the TRIF and MyD88 pathways is ___

TLR3
TLR4
TLR5
TLR7

TLR4

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Which of the following best describes an endogenous pyrogen?

a. cytokines made by pathogens that decrease body temperature
b. pathogen products that decrease body temperature
c. pathogen products that increase body temperature
d. cytokines made by the host that decrease body temperature
e. cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

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_____ is/are cytokine(s) produced by both macrophages and dendritic cells that promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of NK cells.

a. IL-12 and IL-15
b. IL-1beta
c. CXCL8 and TNF-alpha
d. IL-10
e. IL-6

IL-12 and IL-15

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Stimulation of NK cells by IL-12 _____.

a. enhances their cytotoxic potential
b. induces their proliferation and differentiation into effector cells secreting IFN-gamma
c. induces the synthesis and secretion of IL-15 by NK cells
d. turns off type I interferon production by NK cells
e. induces the NK cell to undergo programmed cell death

induces their proliferation and differentiation into effector cells secreting IFN-gamma

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All of the following are correct in reference to type I interferons except _____. a. Type I interferons inhibit the replication of viruses promoting NK-cell proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic cells b. In the presence of type I interferons, virus-infected cells undergo cell-surface changes that render them more susceptible to attack by NK cells c. Not only can most cells synthesize type I interferons, but they can also respond to them d. The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol e. Type I interferons function in autocrine and paracrine fashions and promote NK-cell proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic cells

The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol

Immediately after engagement of NK-cell Toll-like receptors, the NK cell _____. a. discharges cytotoxic granules b. ligates IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12Rbeta 2 c. synthesizes and secretes IL-15 d. synthesizes and secretes IL-12 e. synthesizes and secretes type I interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta)

synthesizes and secretes type I interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta)

Type I interferon genes (for interferon-alpha and interferon-beta) are transcribed as a result of the presence of double-stranded RNA. Normal cells not infected with virus do not contain double-stranded RNA; however, cells infected with virus often do. Some viruses either have double-stranded RNA genomes or use double-stranded RNA as an intermediate in the replication cycle. Type I interferons block virus replication in infected cells and protect uninfected cells nearby from becoming infected. This is accomplished by: (1) inducing cellular genes that destroy viral RNA through endonuclease attack; and (2) inhibiting protein synthesis of viral mRNA by modifying the initiation factors required for protein synthesis. In addition, IFN-\alpha and -\beta activate natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells kill virus-infected cells by releasing cytotoxic granules through a mechanism that involves the engagement of activating and inhibitory receptors; if inhibitory signals predominate, the target cell is not killed; however, if activating signals predominate, the target cell is killed.

True

When TLR3 on the surface of macrophages is bound to its LPS ligand, a signal transduction cascade is initiated that mediates signaling between the cell surface and the nucleus. The macrophage in turn begins to express particular genes encoding cytokines and adhesion molecules that are needed to induce a state of inflammation in the infected tissue.

False

Which of the following Toll-like receptors are expressed exclusively by NK cells? (Select all that apply.) a. TLR3 and TLR8 b. TLR2 and TLR4 c. TLR1 and TLR2 d. TLR5 and TLR9 e. TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6

TLR3 and TLR8

In the uterus there exists a specialized subpopulation of NK cells called uterine NK cells (uNK), which comprise the predominant leukocytes in this tissue. The role of the uNK cells is not to kill cells and develop inflammation but to cooperate with fetal trophoblast cells in enlarging maternal blood vessels so that they have the capacity to supply the placenta, and thus the growing fetus, with sufficient oxygen and nourishment throughout the 9 months of pregnancy.

True

TLR3, 7, 8, and 9 are transmembrane receptors anchored on the plasma membrane surface of human cells and interact with pathogens located in extracellular locations. In contrast, TLR-4, TLR1:TLR2, and TLR2:TLR6 are anchored in endosomal membranes located in the cytosol, where the intracellular degradation of pathogens takes place. Because many pathogens possess features that are common to different groups of pathogens, for example LPS in Gram-negative bacteria, only a small number of TLRs are required to act as sensors of molecular patterns shared by pathogens.

False

Which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure that only infected cells are attacked by NK cells? a. The default state is one of active inhibition, which must be overcome by activating signals before killing occurs. b. Intimate contact with target cells is required. c. Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell. d. No single receptorâ ligand interaction induces cytotoxicity, but instead many combinations of receptorâ ligand interactions influence the decision to kill or not to kill a target cell.

Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell.

All of the following statements regarding Toll-like receptors are true except _____. a. They exist as either transmembrane homodimers or heterodimers b. The extracellular domain detects the microbial component c. They facilitate changes in gene expression d. They sense molecules not found in or on human cells e. The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

Which of the following properties is common to macrophages and neutrophils in an uninfected individual? a. life-span b. anatomical location c. ability to phagocytose d. morphology

ability to phagocytose

The first domain of the TLR is an extracellular domain, also known as the pathogen-recognition domain, which contains a hydrophobic, leucine-rich repeat region (LRR) forming a horseshoe-shaped structure that binds specifically to arrays on microbial surfaces. The second domain of the TLR is the cytoplasmic signaling domain, also known as the Toll interleukin receptor (TIR) domain, which facilitates the transmission of information to the interior of the cell.

True

Different functions are performed by the two subpopulations of NK cells in the blood. One subpopulation of NK cells is committed to killing virus-infected cells so as to interfere with virus replication and intercellular spread. They are the most abundant subpopulation in the blood, making up 90% of circulating NK cells, and express fewer CD56 molecules on their cell surface (CD56dim) than does the other circulating subpopulation. The other subpopulation serves to maintain and exacerbate the inflammatory state in infected tissue by secreting inflammatory cytokines that activate resident macrophages. They comprise the remaining ~10% of circulating NK cells, and express higher numbers of CD56 molecules on their cell surface (CD56bright).

True

What is the name given to the earliest intracellular vesicle that contains material opsonized by macrophages? a. opsonome b. membrane-attack complex c. lysosome d. phagosome e. phagolysosome

phagosome

_____ binds to and retains NFkB in the cytosol. a. MyD88 b. TRAF6 c. IkB d. Ikk e. IRAK4

IkB

Which of the following adaptor proteins participates in the activation pathway induced through either TLR3 or TLR4 that culminates in the synthesis of type I interferons? a. C-reactive protein b. MyD88 c. LPS-binding protein d. TRIF e. NF\kappaB

TRIF

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells _____. a. detect viral infection by using TLR4 b. produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated and have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells c. are found exclusively in the blood d. make up 10% of circulating leukocytes e. produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated and have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of a T cell

produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated and have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells

Toxic oxygen species including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hypohalite, and nitric oxide are produced during the respiratory burst in macrophages and neutrophils. Simultaneous extraphagosomal production of enzymes that neutralize these compounds occurs. Specifically, superoxide dismutase metabolizes superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is further metabolized by catalase to innocuous water and molecular oxygen.

True

C-reactive protein binds to _____. a. phosphorylcholine b. mannose-containing carbohydrates c. lipoteichoic acid d. flagellin e. MASP-1/MASP-2

phosphorylcholine

In common with Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors also contain _____ that is/are used for pathogen-recognition of microbial ligands. a. caspase-recruitment domains (CARD) b. Toll interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain c. variable extracellular domain d. leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs) e. C-type lectin domain (CTLD)

leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

_____ is/are needed to minimize the damaging effects to neighboring host cells during a respiratory burst. a. Catalase activity b. Complement control proteins c. NADPH oxidase activity d. Neutrophil mobilization e. Superoxide dismutase activity

Catalase activity

The C3 convertase that functions in the lectin pathway of complement activation consists of _____. a. C3bBb b. C3b2a c. C4b2a d. C4b2b e. C3b2Bb

C4b2a

Unlike inflammatory cytokines, Toll-like receptors _____. a. are never secreted b. participate only in adaptive immune responses c. are expressed only by dendritic cells d. stimulate the production of acute-phase proteins e. induce fever

are never secreted

C-type lectins are so called because of the role of _____ in facilitating receptor:ligand interactions. a. carbohydrate b. CR1 c. calcium d. chemokines e. caspases

calcium

Lectins recognize microbial _____. a. phosphate-containing lipoteichoic acids b. nucleic acids c. carbohydrates d. flagellin e. sulfated polysaccharides

carbohydrates

Scavenger receptor SR-B recognizes _____. a. lipopolysaccharides b. teichoic acid c. filamentous hemagglutinin d. CpG-rich bacterial DNA e. lipids

lipids

Macrophages bear on their surface receptors for all of the following except _____. (Select all that apply). a. mannose b. glucans c. C3b d. muramyl dipeptide e. lipopolysaccharide f. lipoteichoic acid g. CpG-rich bacterial DNA

d. muramyl dipeptide | g. CpG-rich bacterial DNA

_____ is a soluble protein. (Select all that apply.) a. TLR4 b. CD14 c. lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) d. CXCR1 e. mannose-binding lectin

c. lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) | e. mannose-binding lectin

_____ are structurally similar membrane-bound proteins that aid in the adhesion between various types of human cell. a. Interferons b. Integrins c. GTP-binding proteins d. Pyrogens e. Pentraxins

Integrins

All of the following induce fever except _____. a. IL-12 b. IL-6 c. IL-1 d. TNF-\alpha

IL-12

Which of the following is not associated with mobilization of neutrophils to infected tissue? a. TNF-\alpha production by macrophages b. upregulation of selectins on blood vessel endothelium c. interferon response d. generation of a CXCL8 gradient e. extravasation across endothelium f. proteolysis of basement membrane of blood vessels

interferon response

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. primary granules: azurophilic granules b. secondary granules: unsaturated lactoferrin c. azurophilic granules: myeloperoxidase d. gelatinase: iron sequestration e. tertiary granules: natural killer cells

tertiary granules: natural killer cells

The pH of the phagosome increases following phagocytosis because _____. a. the microbe delivers a significant number of hydroxyl ions in its cytosol that are released upon membrane disruption b. hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase c. azurophilic granules deliver alkaline substances d. catalase consumes hydrogen ions once activated

hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase

C-reactive protein binds to _____. a. phosphorylcholine b. mannose-containing carbohydrates c. lipoteichoic acid d. flagellin e. MASP-1/MASP-2

phosphorylcholine

The C3 convertase that functions in the lectin pathway of complement activation consists of _____. a. C3bBb b. C3b2a c. C4b2a d. C4b2b e. C3b2Bb

C4b2a

Which of the following cleaves C2? (Select all that apply.) a. Factor B b. C1r c. MASP-2 d. C1s e. C4b

c. MASP-2 | d. C1s

With which of the following complement proteins does C-reactive protein interact? a. factor D b. C1 c. factor P d. C4 e. C2

All of the following are true of MyD88 except _____. a. It binds to the TIR domains of all Toll-like receptors except TLR3. b. It binds to IRAK4, a protein kinase, causing the kinase to phosphorylate itself. c. It is an adaptor protein with similar function to TRIF. d. A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the disease X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency

A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the disease X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency

The name given to cytokines that recruit cells to move towards areas of inflammation is _____. a. chemokines b. caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs) c. inflammakines d. adhesion molecules e. pyrogens

chemokines

leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

Identify which of the following receptors does not lead to nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate. a. TLR4 b. IL-1 receptor c. NOD1 d. NOD2 e. All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate

All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate

Which of the following is most similar in its activity to that of IRF3? a. IRAK4 b. NF\kappaB c. TRAF6 d. I\kappa\kappa e. GTP-binding (G) protein

NF\kappaB

_____ help to prevent systemic bacterial dissemination by producing chromatin structures loaded with antimicrobial substances. a. Inflammasomes b. Neutrophil extracellular traps c. RIG-1-like helicases d. Granulomas e. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Neutrophil extracellular traps

Catalase activity

Measurement of which of the following is commonly used when monitoring patients with autoimmune diseases as an indicator of inflammatory relapse? a. IL-1RA b. cryopyrin c. C-reactive protein d. proIL-1\beta e. IL-15

C-reactive protein

All of the following characterize serum amyloid protein except _____. a. it contains approximately 100 amino acids b. it interacts with CD36 scavenger receptor c. it increases in concentration by 25% or more in response to infection d. it associates with high-density lipoprotein particles e. it activates the classical pathway of complement activation

it activates the classical pathway of complement activation

_____ is not an opsonin. a. Mannose-binding lectin b. IFN-\alpha c. C-reactive protein d. surfactant protein-A (SP-A) e. surfactant protein-D (SP-D)

IFN-\alpha

Toll-like receptors are located _____. a. only on the plasma membrane b. on the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane c. on the plasma membrane and endosomal membranes d. only in the cytoplasm e. inside inflammasomes

on the plasma membrane and endosomal membranes

Toll-like receptors differ from scavenger receptors in that they _____. a. bind to common repetitive arrays on microbial surfaces b. stimulate a pathway that causes enzymatic degradation of the microbe to which they bind c. are soluble receptors that bind to microbes in extracellular spaces d. mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production

mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production

The Toll-like receptor that is able to signal through both the TRIF and MyD88 pathways is _____. a. TLR3 b. TLR4 c. TLR5 d. TLR7 e. TLR8 f. TLR9

TLR4

are never secreted

All of the following statements regarding Toll-like receptors are true except _____. a. They exist as either transmembrane homodimers or heterodimers. b. The extracellular domain detects the microbial component. c. They facilitate changes in gene expression. d. They sense molecules not found in or on human cells. e. The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

_____ binds to and retains NF\kappaB in the cytosol. a. MyD88 b. TRAF6 c. I\kappaB d. I\kappa\kappa e. IRAK4

I\kappaB

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells _____. (Select all that apply.) a. detect viral infection by using TLR4 b. produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated c. are found exclusively in the blood d. make up 10% of circulating leukocytes e. have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells

b. produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated e. have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells

All of the following are correct in reference to type I interferons except _____. a. Type I interferons inhibit the replication of viruses. b. In the presence of type I interferons, virus-infected cells undergo cell-surface changes that render them more susceptible to attack by NK cells. c. Not only can most cells synthesize type I interferons, but they can also respond to them. d. The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol. e. Type I interferons function in autocrine and paracrine fashions. f. Type I interferons promote NK-cell proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic cells

The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol

The following cytokines activate NK cells early in the course of a viral infection with the exception of _____. a. IFN-\alpha b. IFN-\beta c. IFN-\gamma d. IL-12 e. IL-15

IFN-\beta

The function of uterine NK cells (uNK) is to _____. a. kill virus-infected cells b. secrete growth factors that promote blood vessel growth to supply the placenta c. activate resident macrophages by secreting inflammatory cytokines d. secrete 1000 times more type I interferon than other cells to protect the fetus from viral infection

secrete growth factors that promote blood vessel growth to supply the placenta

NK cells express all of the following proteins either on endosome membranes or on their cell surface with the exception of _____. (Select all that apply) a. CD3 b. type I interferon receptor c. CR3 d. CD56 e. LFA-1 f. activating receptors g. inhibitory receptors h. TLR3 i. TLR4 j. IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12R\beta2

a. CD3 | i. TLR4

Which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure that only infected cells are attacked by NK cells? a. The default state is one of active inhibition, which must be overcome by activating signals before killing occurs. b. Intimate contact with target cells is required. c. Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell. d. No single receptor–ligand interaction induces cytotoxicity, but instead many combinations of receptor–ligand interactions influence the decision to kill or not to kill a target cell

Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell

Which of the following does not describe a feature observed when a target cell is induced to commit apoptosis by an NK cell? a. DNA fragmentation by target cell nucleases b. target cell shrinkage c. shedding of membrane-enclosed vesicles by the target cell d. chromatin extrusion in the form of decondensed DNA by the target cell e. macrophage disposal of apoptotic remains of the target cell

chromatin extrusion in the form of decondensed DNA by the target cell

Which of the following Toll-like receptors are expressed exclusively in NK cells? (Select all that apply.) a. TLR3 b. TLR4 c. TLR7 d. TLR8 e. TLR9

a. TLR3 | d. TLR8

Immediately after engagement of NK-cell Toll-like receptors, the NK cell _____. a. discharges cytotoxic granules b. ligates IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12R\beta 2 c. synthesizes and secretes IL-15 d. synthesizes and secretes IL-12 e. synthesizes and secretes type I interferons

synthesizes and secretes type I interferons

Stimulation of NK cells by IL-12 _____. a. enhances their cytotoxic potential b. skews their differentiation into effector NK cells c. induces the synthesis and secretion of IL-15 by NK cells d. turns off type I interferon production by NK cells e. induces the NK cell to undergo programmed cell death

skews their differentiation into effector NK cells

_____ is a cytokine produced by both macrophages and dendritic cells that promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of NK cells. a. IL-15 b. IL-1\beta c. CXCL8 d. TNF-\alpha e. IL-6

IL-15

On the basis of laboratory experiments, a possible scenario for the activation of an adaptive immune response would involve _____ within an infected tissue. (Select all that apply.) a. a balanced number of myeloid dendritic cells and NK cells b. an abundance of NK cells compared with myeloid dendritic cells c. a shortage of NK cells compared with myeloid dendritic cells d. migration of myeloid dendritic cells to secondary lymphoid tissue e. migration of NK cells to secondary lymphoid tissue

c. a shortage of NK cells compared with myeloid dendritic cells d. migration of myeloid dendritic cells to secondary lymphoid tissue

After recognizing its ligand, a NOD receptor interacts with a signaling protein called _____, which is a serine–threonine kinase that phosphorylates TAKI. a. CARD b. NLRP3 c. RIPK2 d. MARCO e. SR-A

RIPK2

An adaptor protein in the inflammasome is required to link _____ to the NOD-like receptor NLRP3. a. MyD88 b. procaspase-1 c. RIPK2 d. TAKI e. IKK

procaspase-1

Chemokine receptors form complexes with _____ after binding to their ligands. a. inflammasome components b. pro-IL-1\beta c. potassium channels d. GTP-binding proteins e. tertiary granules

GTP-binding proteins

All of the following acute-phase proteins increase in concentration in the plasma during inflammation with the exception of _____. a. albumin b. serum amyloid A protein c. fibrinogen d. C3 e. mannose-binding lectin

albumin

The ligands of endosomal Toll-like receptors are _____. a. lipids of Gram-negative bacteria b. flagellin proteins of bacteria c. lipids of Gram-positive bacteria d. zymosan of fungi e. nucleic acids of viruses and bacteria

nucleic acids of viruses and bacteria

Of the following Toll-like receptors, which is the most highly conserved and displays the smallest amount of allelic polymorphism? a. TLR1 b. TLR8 c. TLR10 d. TLR6 e. TLR4

TLR8

Sensors for viral nucleic acid in the cytoplasm, called RLRs, possess domains that bind to _____. (Select all that apply.) a. GTP-binding proteins b. type 1 interferons c. 5\prime-triphosphate of uncapped RNA d. oligomerized procaspase-1 e. CARD domains of MAVS

c. 5\prime-triphosphate of uncapped RNA | e. CARD domains of MAVS

What is the name given to the earliest intracellular vesicle that contains material opsonized by macrophages? a. opsonome b. membrane-attack complex c. lysosome d. phagosome e. phagolysosome

phagosome

Which of the following activities are most closely associated with natural killer cells? (Select all) a. production of TNF-\alpha b. lysis of virus-infected cells c. phagocytosis of bacteria d. release of reactive oxygen intermediates e. production of IFN-\gamma

b. lysis of virus-infected cells | e. production of IFN-\gamma

The lectin pathway of complement activation is induced by _____. a. C-reactive protein b. antibodies bound to pathogens c. mannose-binding lectin d. iC3Bb e. terminal components of the complement pathway

mannose-binding lectin

Which of the following is not a characteristic of mannose-binding lectin? a. acts as an opsonin by binding to mannose-containing carbohydrates of pathogens b. synthesized by hepatocytes c. induced by elevated IL-6 levels d. a member of the pentraxin family e. triggers the alternative pathway of complement activation

triggers the alternative pathway of complement activation

Which of the following is not a characteristic of C-reactive protein? a. acts as an opsonin by binding to phosphorylcholine of pathogens b. synthesized by spleen c. induced by elevated IL-6 levels d. a member of the pentraxin family e. triggers the classical pathway of complement activation

synthesized by spleen

Which of the following TLRs do not use a signal transduction cascade involving MyD88? a. TLR1:TLR2 b. TLR3 c. TLR4 d. TLR2:TLR6 e. TRL7

TLR3

TRIF

Which of the following properties is common to macrophages and neutrophils in an uninfected individual? a. life-span b. anatomical location c. ability to phagocytose d. morphology e. formation of pus

ability to phagocytose

Which of the following best describes an endogenous pyrogen? a. cytokines made by pathogens that decrease body temperature b. pathogen products that decrease body temperature c. pathogen products that increase body temperature d. cytokines made by the host that decrease body temperature e. cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

Which of the following is an acute-phase protein that enhances complement fixation? a. TNF-\alpha b. mannose-binding lectin c. fibrinogen d. LFA-1 e. CXCL8

mannose-binding lectin