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Immuno > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

  • Primary granules: azurophilic granules
  • Secondary granules: unsaturated lactoferrin
  • Azurophilic granules: myeloperoxidase
  • Gelatinase: iron sequestration
  • Tertiary granules: natural killer cells
A

Tertiary granules: natural killer cells

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2
Q

Which of the following is not associated with mobilization of neutrophils to infected tissue?

  • TNF-alpha production by macrophages
  • Upregulation of selectins on blood vessel endothelium
  • Interferon response
  • Generation of a CXL8 gradient
  • Extravasation across endothelium and proteolysis of basement membrane of blood vessels
A

Interferon response

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3
Q

Lectins recognize microbial__.

  • Phosphate-containing lipoteichoic acids
  • Nucleic acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Flagellin
  • Peptides
A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Scavenger receptor SR-B recognizes__.

  • Lipopolysaccharides
  • Teichoic acid
  • Filamentous hemagglutinin
  • CpG-rich bacterial DNA
  • Lipids
A

Lipids

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5
Q

Macrophages bear on their surface receptors for all of the following except__.

  • Mannose and glucans
  • C3b
  • Muramyl dipeptide and CpG-rich bacterial DNA
  • Lipopolysaccharide
  • Lipoteichoic acid
A

Muramyl dipeptide and CpG-rich bacterial DNA

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6
Q

The pH of the phagosome increases following phagocytosis because__.

  • The microbe delivers a significant number of hydroxyl ions in its cytosol that are released upon membrane disruption
  • Hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase
  • Azurophilic granules deliver alkaline substances
  • Catalase consumes hydrogen ions once activated
  • Hydroxyl ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase
A

Hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase

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7
Q

__are structurally similar membrane-bound proteins that aid in the adhesion between various types of human cell.

  • Interferons
  • Integrins
  • GTP-binding proteins
  • Pyrogens
  • Pentraxins
A

Integrins

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8
Q

Which of the following cleaves C2?

  • Factor B
  • C1r
  • MASP-2 and C1s
  • C4
  • C6b
A

MASP-2 and C1s

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9
Q

Identify which of the following receptors does not lead to nuclear translocation of NFkB through an activated IKK intermediate.

  • TLR4
  • IL-1 receptor
  • NOD1
  • NOD2
  • All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NFkB through an activated IKK intermediate
A

All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NFkB through an activated IKK intermediate

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10
Q

Toxic oxygen species including superoxide hydrogen peroxide singlet oxygen, hydroxyl peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hypophalite, and nitric oxide are produced during the respiratory burst in macrophages and neutrophils. Simultaneously extra-phagosomal production of enzymes that neutralize these compounds occurs. Specifically, superoxide dismutase metabolizes superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Which is further metabolized by catalase to innocuous water and molecular oxygen.

A

True

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11
Q

All of the following cytokines induce fever except__.

  • IL-12
  • IL-6
  • TNF-alpha
  • None of the above
A

IL-12

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12
Q

All of the following characterize serum amyloid protein except__.

  • It contains approximately 100 amino acids
  • It interacts with CD36 scavenger receptor
  • It increases in concentration by 25% or more in response to infection
  • It associates with high-density lipoprotein particles
  • It activates the classical pathway of complement activation
A

It activates the classical pathway of complement activation

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13
Q

All of the following are true of MyD88 except__.

  • It binds to the TIR domains of all Toll-like receptors except TLR3
  • It binds to IRAK4, a protein kinase, causing the kinase to phosphorylate itself
  • It is an adaptor protein with similar function to TRIF
  • A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency
A

A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency

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14
Q

__help to prevent systemic bacterial dissemination by producing chromatin structures isolated with antimicrobial substances.

  • Inflammasomes
  • Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
  • RIG-1 like helicases
  • Granulomas
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

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15
Q

__is not an opsonin.

  • Mannose-binding lectin
  • IFN-alpha
  • C-reactive protein
  • Surfactant protein-A (SP-A)
  • Surfactant protein D (SP-D)
A

IFN-alpha

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16
Q

Measurement of which of the following is commonly used when monitoring patients with autoimmune diseases as an indicator of inflammatory relapse?

  • IL-1RA
  • Cryopyrin
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • proIL-1beta
  • IL-15
A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

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17
Q

An Adaptor protein in the inflammasome is required to link _____ to the NOD-like receptor NLRP3.

a. MyD88
b. Procapspase-1
c. RIOK2
d. TAKI
e. IKK

A

Procapspase-1

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18
Q

Toll-like receptors are located ___

  • Only on the plasma membrane
  • On the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane
  • On the plasma membrane and endosomal membrane
  • Only in the cytoplasm
  • Inside inflammasomes
A

On the plasma membrane and endosomal membrane

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19
Q

Toll-like receptor differ from scavenger receptors in that they ___

  • Bind to common repetitive arrays on microbial surfaces
  • Stimulate a pathway that causes enzymatic degradation of the microbe to which they bind
  • Are soluble receptors that bind to microbes in extracellular spaces
  • Mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production
A

Mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production

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20
Q

Immediately after engagement of NK-cell Toll like receptors, the NK cell

  • Discharges cytotoxic granules
  • Lifates IL-12R/beta1 and IL-12Rbeta2
  • Synthesizes and secretes IL-15
  • Synthesizes and secretes IL-12
  • Synthesizes and secrete type I interferons
A

Synthesizes and secrete type I interferons

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21
Q

The Toll-Like receptor that is able to signal through both the TRIF and MyD88 pathways is ___

  • TLR3
  • TLR4
  • TLR5
  • TLR7
A

TLR4

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22
Q

Which of the following best describes an endogenous pyrogen?

a. cytokines made by pathogens that decrease body temperature
b. pathogen products that decrease body temperature
c. pathogen products that increase body temperature
d. cytokines made by the host that decrease body temperature
e. cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

A

cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

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23
Q

_____ is/are cytokine(s) produced by both macrophages and dendritic cells that promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of NK cells.

a. IL-12 and IL-15
b. IL-1beta
c. CXCL8 and TNF-alpha
d. IL-10
e. IL-6

A

IL-12 and IL-15

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24
Q

Stimulation of NK cells by IL-12 _____.

a. enhances their cytotoxic potential
b. induces their proliferation and differentiation into effector cells secreting IFN-gamma
c. induces the synthesis and secretion of IL-15 by NK cells
d. turns off type I interferon production by NK cells
e. induces the NK cell to undergo programmed cell death

A

induces their proliferation and differentiation into effector cells secreting IFN-gamma

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25
Q

All of the following are correct in reference to type I interferons except _____.

a. Type I interferons inhibit the replication of viruses promoting NK-cell proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic cells
b. In the presence of type I interferons, virus-infected cells undergo cell-surface changes that render them more susceptible to attack by NK cells
c. Not only can most cells synthesize type I interferons, but they can also respond to them
d. The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol
e. Type I interferons function in autocrine and paracrine fashions and promote NK-cell proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic cells

A

The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol

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26
Q

Immediately after engagement of NK-cell Toll-like receptors, the NK cell _____.

a. discharges cytotoxic granules
b. ligates IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12Rbeta 2
c. synthesizes and secretes IL-15
d. synthesizes and secretes IL-12
e. synthesizes and secretes type I interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta)

A

synthesizes and secretes type I interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta)

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27
Q

Type I interferon genes (for interferon-alpha and interferon-beta) are transcribed as a result of the presence of double-stranded RNA. Normal cells not infected with virus do not contain double-stranded RNA; however, cells infected with virus often do. Some viruses either have double-stranded RNA genomes or use double-stranded RNA as an intermediate in the replication cycle. Type I interferons block virus replication in infected cells and protect uninfected cells nearby from becoming infected. This is accomplished by: (1) inducing cellular genes that destroy viral RNA through endonuclease attack; and (2) inhibiting protein synthesis of viral mRNA by modifying the initiation factors required for protein synthesis. In addition, IFN-\alpha and -\beta activate natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells kill virus-infected cells by releasing cytotoxic granules through a mechanism that involves the engagement of activating and inhibitory receptors; if inhibitory signals predominate, the target cell is not killed; however, if activating signals predominate, the target cell is killed.

A

True

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28
Q

When TLR3 on the surface of macrophages is bound to its LPS ligand, a signal transduction cascade is initiated that mediates signaling between the cell surface and the nucleus. The macrophage in turn begins to express particular genes encoding cytokines and adhesion molecules that are needed to induce a state of inflammation in the infected tissue.

A

False

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29
Q

Which of the following Toll-like receptors are expressed exclusively by NK cells? (Select all that apply.)

a. TLR3 and TLR8
b. TLR2 and TLR4
c. TLR1 and TLR2
d. TLR5 and TLR9
e. TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6

A

TLR3 and TLR8

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30
Q

In the uterus there exists a specialized subpopulation of NK cells called uterine NK cells (uNK), which comprise the predominant leukocytes in this tissue. The role of the uNK cells is not to kill cells and develop inflammation but to cooperate with fetal trophoblast cells in enlarging maternal blood vessels so that they have the capacity to supply the placenta, and thus the growing fetus, with sufficient oxygen and nourishment throughout the 9 months of pregnancy.

A

True

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31
Q

TLR3, 7, 8, and 9 are transmembrane receptors anchored on the plasma membrane surface of human cells and interact with pathogens located in extracellular locations. In contrast, TLR-4, TLR1:TLR2, and TLR2:TLR6 are anchored in endosomal membranes located in the cytosol, where the intracellular degradation of pathogens takes place. Because many pathogens possess features that are common to different groups of pathogens, for example LPS in Gram-negative bacteria, only a small number of TLRs are required to act as sensors of molecular patterns shared by pathogens.

A

False

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32
Q

Which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure that only infected cells are attacked by NK cells?

a. The default state is one of active inhibition, which must be overcome by activating signals before killing occurs.
b. Intimate contact with target cells is required.
c. Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell.
d. No single receptorâ ligand interaction induces cytotoxicity, but instead many combinations of receptorâ ligand interactions influence the decision to kill or not to kill a target cell.

A

Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell.

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33
Q

All of the following statements regarding Toll-like receptors are true except _____.

a. They exist as either transmembrane homodimers or heterodimers
b. The extracellular domain detects the microbial component
c. They facilitate changes in gene expression
d. They sense molecules not found in or on human cells
e. The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

A

The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

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34
Q

Which of the following properties is common to macrophages and neutrophils in an uninfected individual?

a. life-span
b. anatomical location
c. ability to phagocytose
d. morphology

A

ability to phagocytose

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35
Q

The first domain of the TLR is an extracellular domain, also known as the pathogen-recognition domain, which contains a hydrophobic, leucine-rich repeat region (LRR) forming a horseshoe-shaped structure that binds specifically to arrays on microbial surfaces. The second domain of the TLR is the cytoplasmic signaling domain, also known as the Toll interleukin receptor (TIR) domain, which facilitates the transmission of information to the interior of the cell.

A

True

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36
Q

Different functions are performed by the two subpopulations of NK cells in the blood. One subpopulation of NK cells is committed to killing virus-infected cells so as to interfere with virus replication and intercellular spread. They are the most abundant subpopulation in the blood, making up 90% of circulating NK cells, and express fewer CD56 molecules on their cell surface (CD56dim) than does the other circulating subpopulation. The other subpopulation serves to maintain and exacerbate the inflammatory state in infected tissue by secreting inflammatory cytokines that activate resident macrophages. They comprise the remaining ~10% of circulating NK cells, and express higher numbers of CD56 molecules on their cell surface (CD56bright).

A

True

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37
Q

What is the name given to the earliest intracellular vesicle that contains material opsonized by macrophages?

a. opsonome
b. membrane-attack complex
c. lysosome
d. phagosome
e. phagolysosome

A

phagosome

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38
Q

_____ binds to and retains NFkB in the cytosol.

a. MyD88
b. TRAF6
c. IkB
d. Ikk
e. IRAK4

A

IkB

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39
Q

Which of the following adaptor proteins participates in the activation pathway induced through either TLR3 or TLR4 that culminates in the synthesis of type I interferons?

a. C-reactive protein
b. MyD88
c. LPS-binding protein
d. TRIF
e. NF\kappaB

A

TRIF

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40
Q

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells _____.

a. detect viral infection by using TLR4
b. produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated and have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells
c. are found exclusively in the blood
d. make up 10% of circulating leukocytes
e. produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated and have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of a T cell

A

produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated and have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells

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41
Q

Toxic oxygen species including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hypohalite, and nitric oxide are produced during the respiratory burst in macrophages and neutrophils. Simultaneous extraphagosomal production of enzymes that neutralize these compounds occurs. Specifically, superoxide dismutase metabolizes superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is further metabolized by catalase to innocuous water and molecular oxygen.

A

True

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42
Q

C-reactive protein binds to _____.

a. phosphorylcholine
b. mannose-containing carbohydrates
c. lipoteichoic acid
d. flagellin
e. MASP-1/MASP-2

A

phosphorylcholine

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43
Q

In common with Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors also contain _____ that is/are used for pathogen-recognition of microbial ligands.

a. caspase-recruitment domains (CARD)
b. Toll interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain
c. variable extracellular domain
d. leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)
e. C-type lectin domain (CTLD)

A

leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

44
Q

_____ is/are needed to minimize the damaging effects to neighboring host cells during a respiratory burst.

a. Catalase activity
b. Complement control proteins
c. NADPH oxidase activity
d. Neutrophil mobilization
e. Superoxide dismutase activity

A

Catalase activity

45
Q

The C3 convertase that functions in the lectin pathway of complement activation consists of _____.

a. C3bBb
b. C3b2a
c. C4b2a
d. C4b2b
e. C3b2Bb

A

C4b2a

46
Q

Unlike inflammatory cytokines, Toll-like receptors _____.

a. are never secreted
b. participate only in adaptive immune responses
c. are expressed only by dendritic cells
d. stimulate the production of acute-phase proteins
e. induce fever

A

are never secreted

47
Q

C-type lectins are so called because of the role of _____ in facilitating receptor:ligand interactions.

a. carbohydrate
b. CR1
c. calcium
d. chemokines
e. caspases

A

calcium

48
Q

Lectins recognize microbial _____.

a. phosphate-containing lipoteichoic acids
b. nucleic acids
c. carbohydrates
d. flagellin
e. sulfated polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates

49
Q

Scavenger receptor SR-B recognizes _____.

a. lipopolysaccharides
b. teichoic acid
c. filamentous hemagglutinin
d. CpG-rich bacterial DNA
e. lipids

A

lipids

50
Q

Macrophages bear on their surface receptors for all of the following except _____. (Select all that apply).

a. mannose
b. glucans
c. C3b
d. muramyl dipeptide
e. lipopolysaccharide
f. lipoteichoic acid
g. CpG-rich bacterial DNA

A

d. muramyl dipeptide

g. CpG-rich bacterial DNA

51
Q

_____ is a soluble protein. (Select all that apply.)

a. TLR4
b. CD14
c. lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP)
d. CXCR1
e. mannose-binding lectin

A

c. lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP)

e. mannose-binding lectin

52
Q

_____ are structurally similar membrane-bound proteins that aid in the adhesion between various types of human cell.

a. Interferons
b. Integrins
c. GTP-binding proteins
d. Pyrogens
e. Pentraxins

A

Integrins

53
Q

All of the following induce fever except _____.

a. IL-12
b. IL-6
c. IL-1
d. TNF-\alpha

A

IL-12

54
Q

Which of the following is not associated with mobilization of neutrophils to infected tissue?

a. TNF-\alpha production by macrophages
b. upregulation of selectins on blood vessel endothelium
c. interferon response
d. generation of a CXCL8 gradient
e. extravasation across endothelium
f. proteolysis of basement membrane of blood vessels

A

interferon response

55
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

a. primary granules: azurophilic granules
b. secondary granules: unsaturated lactoferrin
c. azurophilic granules: myeloperoxidase
d. gelatinase: iron sequestration
e. tertiary granules: natural killer cells

A

tertiary granules: natural killer cells

56
Q

The pH of the phagosome increases following phagocytosis because _____.

a. the microbe delivers a significant number of hydroxyl ions in its cytosol that are released upon membrane disruption
b. hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase
c. azurophilic granules deliver alkaline substances
d. catalase consumes hydrogen ions once activated

A

hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase

57
Q

C-reactive protein binds to _____.

a. phosphorylcholine
b. mannose-containing carbohydrates
c. lipoteichoic acid
d. flagellin
e. MASP-1/MASP-2

A

phosphorylcholine

58
Q

The C3 convertase that functions in the lectin pathway of complement activation consists of _____.

a. C3bBb
b. C3b2a
c. C4b2a
d. C4b2b
e. C3b2Bb

A

C4b2a

59
Q

Which of the following cleaves C2? (Select all that apply.)

a. Factor B
b. C1r
c. MASP-2
d. C1s
e. C4b

A

c. MASP-2

d. C1s

60
Q

With which of the following complement proteins does C-reactive protein interact?

a. factor D
b. C1
c. factor P
d. C4
e. C2

A

C1

61
Q

All of the following are true of MyD88 except _____.

a. It binds to the TIR domains of all Toll-like receptors except TLR3.
b. It binds to IRAK4, a protein kinase, causing the kinase to phosphorylate itself.
c. It is an adaptor protein with similar function to TRIF.
d. A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the disease X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency

A

A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the disease X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency

62
Q

The name given to cytokines that recruit cells to move towards areas of inflammation is _____.

a. chemokines
b. caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs)
c. inflammakines
d. adhesion molecules
e. pyrogens

A

chemokines

63
Q

In common with Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors also contain _____ that is/are used for pathogen-recognition of microbial ligands.

a. caspase-recruitment domains (CARD)
b. Toll interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain
c. variable extracellular domain
d. leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)
e. C-type lectin domain (CTLD)

A

leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

64
Q

Identify which of the following receptors does not lead to nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate.

a. TLR4
b. IL-1 receptor
c. NOD1
d. NOD2
e. All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate

A

All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate

65
Q

Which of the following is most similar in its activity to that of IRF3?

a. IRAK4
b. NF\kappaB
c. TRAF6
d. I\kappa\kappa
e. GTP-binding (G) protein

A

NF\kappaB

66
Q

_____ help to prevent systemic bacterial dissemination by producing chromatin structures loaded with antimicrobial substances.

a. Inflammasomes
b. Neutrophil extracellular traps
c. RIG-1-like helicases
d. Granulomas
e. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps

67
Q

_____ is/are needed to minimize the damaging effects to neighboring host cells during a respiratory burst.

a. Catalase activity
b. Complement control proteins
c. NADPH oxidase activity
d. Neutrophil mobilization
e. Superoxide dismutase activity

A

Catalase activity

68
Q

Measurement of which of the following is commonly used when monitoring patients with autoimmune diseases as an indicator of inflammatory relapse?

a. IL-1RA
b. cryopyrin
c. C-reactive protein
d. proIL-1\beta
e. IL-15

A

C-reactive protein

69
Q

All of the following characterize serum amyloid protein except _____.

a. it contains approximately 100 amino acids
b. it interacts with CD36 scavenger receptor
c. it increases in concentration by 25% or more in response to infection
d. it associates with high-density lipoprotein particles
e. it activates the classical pathway of complement activation

A

it activates the classical pathway of complement activation

70
Q

_____ is not an opsonin.

a. Mannose-binding lectin
b. IFN-\alpha
c. C-reactive protein
d. surfactant protein-A (SP-A)
e. surfactant protein-D (SP-D)

A

IFN-\alpha

71
Q

Toll-like receptors are located _____.

a. only on the plasma membrane
b. on the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane
c. on the plasma membrane and endosomal membranes
d. only in the cytoplasm
e. inside inflammasomes

A

on the plasma membrane and endosomal membranes

72
Q

Toll-like receptors differ from scavenger receptors in that they _____.

a. bind to common repetitive arrays on microbial surfaces
b. stimulate a pathway that causes enzymatic degradation of the microbe to which they bind
c. are soluble receptors that bind to microbes in extracellular spaces
d. mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production

A

mediate signal transduction pathways, causing cytokine production

73
Q

The Toll-like receptor that is able to signal through both the TRIF and MyD88 pathways is _____.

a. TLR3
b. TLR4
c. TLR5
d. TLR7
e. TLR8
f. TLR9

A

TLR4

74
Q

Unlike inflammatory cytokines, Toll-like receptors _____.

a. are never secreted
b. participate only in adaptive immune responses
c. are expressed only by dendritic cells
d. stimulate the production of acute-phase proteins
e. induce fever

A

are never secreted

75
Q

All of the following statements regarding Toll-like receptors are true except _____.

a. They exist as either transmembrane homodimers or heterodimers.
b. The extracellular domain detects the microbial component.
c. They facilitate changes in gene expression.
d. They sense molecules not found in or on human cells.
e. The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

A

The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

76
Q

_____ binds to and retains NF\kappaB in the cytosol.

a. MyD88
b. TRAF6
c. I\kappaB
d. I\kappa\kappa
e. IRAK4

A

I\kappaB

77
Q

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells _____. (Select all that apply.)

a. detect viral infection by using TLR4
b. produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated
c. are found exclusively in the blood
d. make up 10% of circulating leukocytes
e. have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells

A

b. produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated
e. have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells

78
Q

All of the following are correct in reference to type I interferons except _____.

a. Type I interferons inhibit the replication of viruses.
b. In the presence of type I interferons, virus-infected cells undergo cell-surface changes that render them more susceptible to attack by NK cells.
c. Not only can most cells synthesize type I interferons, but they can also respond to them.
d. The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol.
e. Type I interferons function in autocrine and paracrine fashions.
f. Type I interferons promote NK-cell proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic cells

A

The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol

79
Q

The following cytokines activate NK cells early in the course of a viral infection with the exception of _____.

a. IFN-\alpha
b. IFN-\beta
c. IFN-\gamma
d. IL-12
e. IL-15

A

IFN-\beta

80
Q

The function of uterine NK cells (uNK) is to _____.

a. kill virus-infected cells
b. secrete growth factors that promote blood vessel growth to supply the placenta
c. activate resident macrophages by secreting inflammatory cytokines
d. secrete 1000 times more type I interferon than other cells to protect the fetus from viral infection

A

secrete growth factors that promote blood vessel growth to supply the placenta

81
Q

NK cells express all of the following proteins either on endosome membranes or on their cell surface with the exception of _____. (Select all that apply)

a. CD3
b. type I interferon receptor
c. CR3
d. CD56
e. LFA-1
f. activating receptors
g. inhibitory receptors
h. TLR3
i. TLR4
j. IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12R\beta2

A

a. CD3

i. TLR4

82
Q

Which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure that only infected cells are attacked by NK cells?

a. The default state is one of active inhibition, which must be overcome by activating signals before killing occurs.
b. Intimate contact with target cells is required.
c. Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell.
d. No single receptor–ligand interaction induces cytotoxicity, but instead many combinations of receptor–ligand interactions influence the decision to kill or not to kill a target cell

A

Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell

83
Q

Which of the following does not describe a feature observed when a target cell is induced to commit apoptosis by an NK cell?

a. DNA fragmentation by target cell nucleases
b. target cell shrinkage
c. shedding of membrane-enclosed vesicles by the target cell
d. chromatin extrusion in the form of decondensed DNA by the target cell
e. macrophage disposal of apoptotic remains of the target cell

A

chromatin extrusion in the form of decondensed DNA by the target cell

84
Q

Which of the following Toll-like receptors are expressed exclusively in NK cells? (Select all that apply.)

a. TLR3
b. TLR4
c. TLR7
d. TLR8
e. TLR9

A

a. TLR3

d. TLR8

85
Q

Immediately after engagement of NK-cell Toll-like receptors, the NK cell _____.

a. discharges cytotoxic granules
b. ligates IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12R\beta 2
c. synthesizes and secretes IL-15
d. synthesizes and secretes IL-12
e. synthesizes and secretes type I interferons

A

synthesizes and secretes type I interferons

86
Q

Stimulation of NK cells by IL-12 _____.

a. enhances their cytotoxic potential
b. skews their differentiation into effector NK cells
c. induces the synthesis and secretion of IL-15 by NK cells
d. turns off type I interferon production by NK cells
e. induces the NK cell to undergo programmed cell death

A

skews their differentiation into effector NK cells

87
Q

_____ is a cytokine produced by both macrophages and dendritic cells that promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of NK cells.

a. IL-15
b. IL-1\beta
c. CXCL8
d. TNF-\alpha
e. IL-6

A

IL-15

88
Q

On the basis of laboratory experiments, a possible scenario for the activation of an adaptive immune response would involve _____ within an infected tissue. (Select all that apply.)

a. a balanced number of myeloid dendritic cells and NK cells
b. an abundance of NK cells compared with myeloid dendritic cells
c. a shortage of NK cells compared with myeloid dendritic cells
d. migration of myeloid dendritic cells to secondary lymphoid tissue
e. migration of NK cells to secondary lymphoid tissue

A

c. a shortage of NK cells compared with myeloid dendritic cells
d. migration of myeloid dendritic cells to secondary lymphoid tissue

89
Q

After recognizing its ligand, a NOD receptor interacts with a signaling protein called _____, which is a serine–threonine kinase that phosphorylates TAKI.

a. CARD
b. NLRP3
c. RIPK2
d. MARCO
e. SR-A

A

RIPK2

90
Q

An adaptor protein in the inflammasome is required to link _____ to the NOD-like receptor NLRP3.

a. MyD88
b. procaspase-1
c. RIPK2
d. TAKI
e. IKK

A

procaspase-1

91
Q

Chemokine receptors form complexes with _____ after binding to their ligands.

a. inflammasome components
b. pro-IL-1\beta
c. potassium channels
d. GTP-binding proteins
e. tertiary granules

A

GTP-binding proteins

92
Q

All of the following acute-phase proteins increase in concentration in the plasma during inflammation with the exception of _____.

a. albumin
b. serum amyloid A protein
c. fibrinogen
d. C3
e. mannose-binding lectin

A

albumin

93
Q

The ligands of endosomal Toll-like receptors are _____.

a. lipids of Gram-negative bacteria
b. flagellin proteins of bacteria
c. lipids of Gram-positive bacteria
d. zymosan of fungi
e. nucleic acids of viruses and bacteria

A

nucleic acids of viruses and bacteria

94
Q

Of the following Toll-like receptors, which is the most highly conserved and displays the smallest amount of allelic polymorphism?

a. TLR1
b. TLR8
c. TLR10
d. TLR6
e. TLR4

A

TLR8

95
Q

Sensors for viral nucleic acid in the cytoplasm, called RLRs, possess domains that bind to _____. (Select all that apply.)

a. GTP-binding proteins
b. type 1 interferons
c. 5\prime-triphosphate of uncapped RNA
d. oligomerized procaspase-1
e. CARD domains of MAVS

A

c. 5\prime-triphosphate of uncapped RNA

e. CARD domains of MAVS

96
Q

What is the name given to the earliest intracellular vesicle that contains material opsonized by macrophages?

a. opsonome
b. membrane-attack complex
c. lysosome
d. phagosome
e. phagolysosome

A

phagosome

97
Q

Which of the following activities are most closely associated with natural killer cells? (Select all)

a. production of TNF-\alpha
b. lysis of virus-infected cells
c. phagocytosis of bacteria
d. release of reactive oxygen intermediates
e. production of IFN-\gamma

A

b. lysis of virus-infected cells

e. production of IFN-\gamma

98
Q

The lectin pathway of complement activation is induced by _____.

a. C-reactive protein
b. antibodies bound to pathogens
c. mannose-binding lectin
d. iC3Bb
e. terminal components of the complement pathway

A

mannose-binding lectin

99
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of mannose-binding lectin?

a. acts as an opsonin by binding to mannose-containing carbohydrates of pathogens
b. synthesized by hepatocytes
c. induced by elevated IL-6 levels
d. a member of the pentraxin family
e. triggers the alternative pathway of complement activation

A

triggers the alternative pathway of complement activation

100
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of C-reactive protein?

a. acts as an opsonin by binding to phosphorylcholine of pathogens
b. synthesized by spleen
c. induced by elevated IL-6 levels
d. a member of the pentraxin family
e. triggers the classical pathway of complement activation

A

synthesized by spleen

101
Q

Which of the following TLRs do not use a signal transduction cascade involving MyD88?

a. TLR1:TLR2
b. TLR3
c. TLR4
d. TLR2:TLR6
e. TRL7

A

TLR3

102
Q

Which of the following adaptor proteins participates in the activation pathway induced through either TLR3 or TLR4 that culminates in the synthesis of type I interferons?

a. C-reactive protein
b. MyD88
c. LPS-binding protein
d. TRIF
e. NF\kappaB

A

TRIF

103
Q

Which of the following properties is common to macrophages and neutrophils in an uninfected individual?

a. life-span
b. anatomical location
c. ability to phagocytose
d. morphology
e. formation of pus

A

ability to phagocytose

104
Q

Which of the following best describes an endogenous pyrogen?

a. cytokines made by pathogens that decrease body temperature
b. pathogen products that decrease body temperature
c. pathogen products that increase body temperature
d. cytokines made by the host that decrease body temperature
e. cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

A

cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

105
Q

Which of the following is an acute-phase protein that enhances complement fixation?

a. TNF-\alpha
b. mannose-binding lectin
c. fibrinogen
d. LFA-1
e. CXCL8

A

mannose-binding lectin

Immuno (16 decks)

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