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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 2_Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2_Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The part of the nervous system outside the CNS, including sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

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3
Q

Brain

A

The main organ of the nervous system where thoughts, movements, and consciousness are generated.

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4
Q

Spinal Cord

A

The long, thin, tubular structure that extends from the brain and transmits neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

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5
Q

Afferent Signal

A

Incoming signals to the CNS from the PNS, often carrying sensory information.

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6
Q

Efferent Signal

A

Outgoing signals from the CNS to the PNS, often carrying motor commands.

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7
Q

Gray Matter

A

Regions of the CNS that are rich in neuronal cell bodies.

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8
Q

White Matter

A

Regions of the CNS that are rich in myelinated nerve fibers (axons).

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9
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

A cluster of nerve cell bodies in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve that carries sensory signals to the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brainstem, which control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.

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11
Q

Circle of Willis

A

A circular system of arteries that supply blood to the brain and surrounding structures, providing collateral circulation.

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12
Q

Stroke

A

A medical condition where poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types: ischemic (caused by blockages) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding).

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13
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

A condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain’s ventricles, leading to increased intracranial pressure.

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14
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges, usually caused by an infection.

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of the PNS that is associated with voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.

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16
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of the PNS that controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. It has two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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17
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense physical activity and is often referred to as the fight-or-flight response.

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy functions, often referred to as the rest-and-digest response.

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19
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system, sometimes referred to as the “second brain” due to its autonomy.

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20
Q

Dorsal

A

Referring to the back or upper side of an organism. In the context of the CNS, it refers to the top part of the brain or the back side of the spinal cord.

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21
Q

Ventral

A

Referring to the front or lower side of an organism. In the context of the CNS, it refers to the bottom part of the brain or the front side of the spinal cord.

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22
Q

Rostral

A

Referring to the front end of the body, or in the context of the brain, towards the nose or forehead.

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23
Q

Caudal

A

Referring to the back end of the body, or in the context of the brain, towards the tail or the back of the head.

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24
Q

Superior

A

Situated higher up, or towards the top of the body or organ. In the brain, it refers to structures that are above others.

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25
Q

Inferior

A

Situated lower down, or towards the bottom of the body or organ. In the brain, it refers to structures that are below others.

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26
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the center of the body or the point of attachment. In the context of the PNS, it refers to structures closer to the CNS.

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27
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the center of the body or the point of attachment. In the context of the PNS, it refers to structures farther from the CNS.

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28
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body.

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29
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body.

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30
Q

Medial

A

Situated near the midline of the body or organ.

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31
Q

Lateral

A

Situated away from the midline of the body or organ.

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32
Q

Phineas Gage

A

A famous case in neuroscience history; he survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality, providing early evidence of the role of the frontal lobes in personality and behavior.

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33
Q

Support Structures

A

Non-neuronal components of the nervous system that provide protection, nourishment, and structural support to neurons, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the blood-brain barrier.

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34
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying information towards a central point, such as sensory neurons carrying signals to the CNS.

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35
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying information away from a central point, such as motor neurons carrying signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.

36
Q

Coronal Slice

A

A section that divides the brain into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.

37
Q

Horizontal Slice

A

A section that divides the brain into upper (dorsal) and lower (ventral) parts.

38
Q

Parasagittal Slice

A

A section parallel to the sagittal plane, dividing the brain into unequal left and right parts.

39
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty substance that surrounds axons, providing electrical insulation and increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

40
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A large bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, facilitating interhemispheric communication.

41
Q

Neural Tube

A

The embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

42
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

The hindbrain, a primary division of the brain during early development, which later differentiates into the metencephalon and myelencephalon.

43
Q

Myelencephalon

A

A subdivision of the rhombencephalon that develops into the medulla oblongata.

44
Q

Metencephalon

A

A subdivision of the rhombencephalon that develops into the pons and cerebellum.

45
Q

Mesencephalon

A

The midbrain, a primary division of the brain during early development, which remains undivided in the adult brain.

46
Q

Prosencephalon

A

The forebrain, a primary division of the brain during early development, which later differentiates into the telencephalon and diencephalon.

47
Q

Diencephalon

A

A subdivision of the prosencephalon that develops into structures such as the thalamus and hypothalamus.

48
Q

Telencephalon

A

A subdivision of the prosencephalon that develops into the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and other structures.

49
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of the brain, involved in various high-order brain functions like sensation, perception, memory, association, thought, and voluntary physical action.

50
Q

Gyri

A

The ridges or folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

51
Q

Sulci

A

The grooves or furrows on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

52
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

The deep groove that separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

53
Q

Central Sulcus

A

A prominent groove in the brain that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

54
Q

Lateral Fissure

A

A deep groove that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

55
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The posterior lobe of the brain, primarily responsible for visual processing.

56
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

The region of the occipital lobe where visual information is processed; also known as V1.

57
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The lobe located beneath the lateral fissure, responsible for processing auditory information and encoding memory.

58
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

The region of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information; also known as A1.

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

A region of the brain involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions.

60
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

The region of the parietal lobe responsible for processing somatic sensations, such as touch, pain, and temperature; also known as S1.

61
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

The lobe located behind the frontal lobe, responsible for processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics.

62
Q

Proprioception

A

The sense of the relative position of one’s own body parts and strength of effort being employed in movement.

63
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The anterior part of the brain involved in higher cognitive functions, decision making, and voluntary movement.

64
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe responsible for generating neural impulses that control the execution of movement; also known as M1.

65
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

The nerves that carry sensory and motor signals between the spinal cord and the body.

66
Q

Cervical Spinal Nerves

A

The spinal nerves that emerge from the cervical region of the spinal cord and innervate the neck, shoulders, and arms.

67
Q

Thoracic Spinal Nerves

A

The spinal nerves that emerge from the thoracic region of the spinal cord and innervate the chest and upper abdominal muscles.

68
Q

Lumbar Spinal Nerves

A

The spinal nerves that emerge from the lumbar region of the spinal cord and innervate the lower back and legs.

69
Q

Sacral Spinal Nerves

A

The spinal nerves that emerge from the sacral region of the spinal cord and innervate the pelvic organs and lower limbs.

70
Q

Rest-and-Digest Response

A

The parasympathetic nervous system response that conserves energy by slowing the heart rate and increasing intestinal and gland activity.

71
Q

Sympathetic Ganglion

A

A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the sympathetic nervous system that relay information and coordinate the fight-or-flight response.

72
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

The tenth cranial nerve, which controls parasympathetic regulation of heart rate, digestion, and other autonomic functions.

73
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brainstem, which control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.

74
Q

Anterior Cerebral Arteries

A

Arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the medial and superior parts of the frontal lobes and the anterior parietal lobes.

75
Q

Posterior Cerebral Arteries

A

Arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the occipital lobes and the inferior parts of the temporal lobes.

76
Q

Middle Cerebral Arteries

A

Arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

77
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

A type of stroke caused by a blockage that interrupts blood flow to the brain, depriving it of oxygen and nutrients.

78
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

A type of stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel, leading to bleeding within or around the brain.

79
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

A selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system, protecting the brain from toxins and pathogens.

80
Q

Astrocyte

A

A type of glial cell in the brain that supports neurons, maintains the blood-brain barrier, and provides nutrients to nervous tissue.

81
Q

Ventricles

A

Four interconnected cavities in the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced and circulated.

82
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

A clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning, nutrient delivery, and waste removal.

83
Q

Meninges

A

The three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

84
Q

Dura Mater

A

The tough, outermost layer of the meninges.

85
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

The middle, web-like layer of the meninges.

86
Q

Pia Mater

A

The thin, delicate inner layer of the meninges that adheres closely to the brain and spinal cord.

Behavioral Neuroscience (16 decks)

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