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BMTCP EMT > Chapter 29 Trauma to the Head, neck and spine > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Trauma to the Head, neck and spine Flashcards

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1
Q

What part of the nervous system controls involuntary functions?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

Nervous system

A

Provides overall control of thought, sensation, and the body’s voluntary and involuntary motor functions.

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3
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves that innervate the body

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4
Q

What are the two major subsystems of the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

Neurons

A

specialized nerve cells that transmit nervous system impulses throughout the body

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6
Q

What are some examples of bodily function that are under control of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Heartbeat
Breathing
Diameter of vessels
Control of sphincter muscles enclosing the bladder and digestion

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7
Q

What are the bones of the cranium?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal 
Sphenoid
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8
Q

How many bones make up the face?

A

14 irregularly shaped bones

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9
Q

What are the major divisions of the skull?

A

Cranium and facial bones

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10
Q

Which of the facial bones is not fused?

A

Mandible

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11
Q

What are the immovable joints of the skull called?

A

sutures

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12
Q

What are the cheek bones?

A

Malar (May-lar) aka Zygomatic bones/arches

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13
Q

What is the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes from the brain?

A

Foramen Magnum

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14
Q

What is the lower end of the spinal cord called that fans out like a horses tail?

A

Cauda Equina

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15
Q

What is the protective covering over the brain?

A

Meninges

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16
Q

What are the irregularly shaped bones that protect the spinal cord?

A

Vertebrae (33 total)

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17
Q

What is the palpable bony prominence attached to each vertebrae?

A

Spinous process

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18
Q

What are the five areas that the vertebrae are divided into?

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 4
coccygeal - 4
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19
Q

How do we treat scalp injuries?

A

Direct pressure unless bone fragments or depression of bone - use loose gauze instead

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20
Q

What is an indirect brain injury?

A

shock of impact on the skull is transferred to the brain (concussions and contusions)

21
Q

What is the first and most significant sign of head injury?

A

Altered mental status, never assume a patient with an altered mental status is intoxicated or on drugs

22
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury?

A

An injury that disrupts the normal functioning of the brain

23
Q

Concussion

A

Mild closed head injury without detectable damage to the brain. Complete recovery is usually expected but effects can linger for weeks, months even years

24
Q

TBI accounts for slight more than ______ of injury related deaths

A

1/3

25
Q

What are the signs and sxs of concussion according to the CDC?

A 
LOC
Amnesia
Repetitive Questioning
Altered level of consciousness
Feeling slugish
Difficulty concentrating 
Feeling off
Slurred speech, headache, nausea, blurred vision 
Sensitivity to light and noises
26
Q

Coup, contrecoup

A

Coup - injury to brain on side that sustained the blow

Contrecoup - injury to other side of the brain

27
Q

What are the TBIs?

A

Concussion
Contusion
Laceration
Hematoma

28
Q

How does the body’s blood pressure usually respond in the person with increased ICP?

A

Blood pressure increases

29
Q

Cushing’s Reflex

A

Increased blood pressure and bradycardia indicating increased ICP

30
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

A

Distinct pattern of breathing characterized by quickening and deepening respiration followed by a period of apnea

31
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

A pattern of rapid and deep breathing caused by injury to the brain

32
Q

Ataxic respiration

A

A pattern of irregular and unpredictable breathing commonly caused by brain injury

33
Q

How do you treat an impaled object in the skull?

A

Stabilize in place with bulky dressing. If too large, pad around, stabilize object on both sides of where it is to be cut, cut using something that will not cause vibration/movement

34
Q

What are some signs of facial fx?

A 
discoloration of eye
deformity
Facial bruises
loose, missing are improperly aligned teeth
Swollen jaw
35
Q

What is the primary concern for patients with facial fx?

A

airway

36
Q

What is used in addition to AVPU for ongoing neurological assessment?

A

GCS

37
Q

What are the three sections of the GCS?

A

Eyes
Verbal
Motor

38
Q

What is the breakdown of the eye of the GCS?

A

spontaneous - 4
voice - 3
pain - 2
none - 1

39
Q

What is the breakdown of the verbal response of the GCS?

A 
oriented - 5
confused - 4
inappropriate words - 3
incomprehensible sounds 2
none - 1
40
Q

What is the breakdown of the motor response of the GCS?

A 
obeys commands - 6
localizes pain - 5
withdraws - 4
Flexion - 3
Extension - 2
none - 1
41
Q

In additions to massive hemorrhage, what is a concern when a patient is bleeding from a large neck vein?

A

air embolism, pressure in vein is lower than atmospheric pressure, sucking air in

42
Q

How do you treat an open neck wound?

A

place gloved hand over the wound
Apply occlusive dressing 2” past the sides of the wound, all 4 sides sealed
place dressing over occlusive dressing
apply pressure, careful not to compress both carotid arteries

43
Q

What are the two broad classifications of spinal injury?

A

Primary and Secondary

44
Q

What two things will the EMT use to determine if a patient has a potential spinal injury?

A

MOI and Physical assessment

MOI must be paired with physical assessment

45
Q

What are common spine injuries that involve the spine being moved beyond it’s normal ROM?

A

Flexion and extension injuries like whiplash

46
Q

What term describes the spine being excessively compressed?

A

axial loading

47
Q

What type of spinal injury happens with a hanging?

A

distraction

48
Q

What condition causes the vertebrae to fuse together?

A

ankylosing spondylitis

BMTCP EMT (11 decks)

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