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BMTCP EMT > Chapter 18 Cardiac Emergencies > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Cardiac Emergencies Flashcards

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NREMT® EMT flashcards
1
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome

A

A blanket term used to represent any symptoms related to lack of oxygen (ischemia) in the heart muscle. Also called cardiac compromise

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2
Q

What are some typical sxs someone with ACS may experience?

A 
Crushing, dull, heavy or squeezing.
Pain radiating into arms or lower abdomen
anxiety or sense of impending doom
Dyspnea
Nausea, epigastric pain
Unusual generalized weakness
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3
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath; labored or difficulty breathing

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4
Q

What are some signs someone with ACS may display?

A

Sudden onset of sweating
Bradycardia or tachycardia and/or an irregular pulse
Hypotension or hypertension
Palpitations

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5
Q

Approximately ____ to ____ of people do not have the typical chest discomfort presentation when suffering from ACS?

A

1/2 to 1/3

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6
Q

What is the next steps after performing scene size up and primary assessment on the responsive patient experiencing chest pain?

A

History (HPI and PMHx)
Physical exam
Vital signs

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7
Q

How should you position a patient when you suspect ACS?

A

Position of comfort, usually sitting up, may prefer lying down if hypotensive

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8
Q

When should you administer O2 in a patient suspected is having an ACS?

A

Hypoxic - SpO2 less than 94%

Altered mental status, respiratory distress or pale skin

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9
Q

In the patient you suspect of having ACS; what are some indications that call for immediate transport?

A

No hx of cardiac problems
Hx of Cardiac problems but does not have nitro
SBP

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10
Q

What does STEMI stand for?

A

ST elevation myocardial infarction

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11
Q

What term describes the obstruction of blood supply to an organ or region of tissue causing local death of the tissue?

A

Infarction

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12
Q

What is PCI?

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention

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13
Q

What conditions must be met prior to administering nitroglycerin?

A 
Pt c/o chest pain
Hx of cardiac problems
Rx'd NTG
Pt has NTG on him/her
SBP > 90
Pt has not taken ED med in last 48-72 hrs
Med direction authorization
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14
Q

When would you give a repeat dose of NTG?

A

No relief with previous dose
SBP remains > 90
Med Direction authorization

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15
Q

What is the maximum number of times you can administer NTG?

A

3

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16
Q

What should you do if you administer NTG and the SBP drops below 90-100

A

Treat for shock and transport

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17
Q

What are the side effects of NTG?

A

Hypotension
Headache
Pulse rate change

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18
Q

What are some contraindications of NTG use?

A

SBP

19
Q

What conditions must be met prior to administering asprin?

A 
Pt c/o chest pain
Pt has no allergy to asprin
No Hx of asthma
Not taking a medication to prevent clotting
No other contraindications
Able to swallow
Med direction authorization
20
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Diseases that affect the arteries of the heart

21
Q

Thromubs

A

A clot formed of blood and plaque attached to the inner wall of an artery or vein

22
Q

Occlusion

A

Blockage, as of an artery by fatty deposits

23
Q

Embolism

A

Blockage of a vessel by a clot or foreign material brought to the site by the blood current

24
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for CAD?

A 
RASH
Race
AGE
Sex
Heredity
25
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for CAD?

A 
SHEDS
Smoking
HTN
Exercise
Diet -DM - cholesterol - triglycerides 
Stress
26
Q

Which patient populations usually experience atypical MI sxs?

A

Geriatric patients
Women
Diabetics

27
Q

What are some complications of MI?

A

Cardiac dysrhythmias
Sudden cardiac arrest
CHF (pump inefficiency)
Cardiogenic shock (pump failure)

28
Q

Aneurysm

A

The dilation or ballooning of a weakened section of the wall of an artery

29
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

a disturbance in heart rate and rhythm

30
Q

What are the two most common sites of aneurysms that you will encounter in emergency situations?

A

Aorta

Brain

31
Q

What are the causes of cardiac conditions covered in this chapter?

A 
Coronary artery disease
Aneurysm 
Electrical malfunctions 
Mechanical malfunctions 
Angina pectoris
Acute Myocardial Infraction
Congestive Heart Failure
32
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Pain in the chest occurring when blood supply to the heart is reduced and a portion of the heart muscle is not receiving enough O2

33
Q

How does angina pectoris usually present?

A

Pain with exertion, relief with rest

34
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

A

the condition in which a portion of the myocardium dies as a result of oxygen starvation; often called a heart attack by laypersons

35
Q

Sudden death

A

A cardiac arrest that occurs within 2 hours of the onset of sxs. Pt may have no prior cardiac Hx

36
Q

What are some way’s patients are treated for AMI at hospitals?

A

with fibrinolytics

Balloon angioplasty or balloon catheterization

37
Q

What are some meds a Pt may be prescribed upon discharge from a Hospital after an MI?

A

Aspirin

Beta-blockers (slow HR and make it beat less strongly)

38
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

the failure of the heart to pump efficiently, leading to excessive blood or fluids in the lungs, the body or both

39
Q

Edema

A

swelling resulting from a buildup of fluid in the tissues

40
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

accumulation that of fluid in the lungs

41
Q

what might you hear when listing to the lungs of a patient with pulmonary edema?

A

crackles (rales)

42
Q

CHF on what side of the hear might lead pedal edema?

A

right sided

43
Q

what are some s/sxs of a Pt with CHF?

A

Tachycardia, dyspnea, normal BP or HTN, cyanosis, diaphoresis, Pulmonary edema, coughing up white or pink sputum, anxiety or confusion, pedal edema, engorged pulsating neck veins, enlarged liver with abdominal distention

44
Q

What are the five elements in the chain of survival?

A 
Immediate recognition and activation
Early CPR
Rapid Defibrillation
Effective advance life support
Integrated post cardiac arrest care

BMTCP EMT (11 decks)

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