Chapter 29- Thinking

Question 1

Concepts

Answer 1

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people.

Question 2

Cognition

Answer 2

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

A mental image or best example of a category

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms

Question 6

Insight- and what does it contrast with?

Answer 6

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to the problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Question 8

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 8

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information

Question 9

Availability heuristic

Answer 9

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we assume they’re common

Question 10

Overconfidence

Answer 10

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

Question 11

Belief bias

Answer 11

Explains how our preexisting beliefs can distort our logic

Question 12

Belief perseverance

Answer 12

Tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

Question 13

Fixation

Answer 13

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective (an impediment to problem solving)