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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 29 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 29 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

-arche

A

beginning

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2
Q

cervico-

A

neck or cervix

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3
Q

colpo- or vagino-

A

vagina or sheath

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4
Q

episio- or vulvo-

A

covering

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5
Q

gyneco-

A

women

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6
Q

hystero- or metor- or utero-

A

uterus

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7
Q

lacto-

A

milk

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8
Q

masto- or mammo-

A

breast

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9
Q

meno-

A

menstruation

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10
Q

oophoro- or ovario -

A

ovary or egg

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11
Q

orcho-, orchio-, orchido- or testo-

A

testis or testicle

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12
Q

ovi- or ovo-

A

egg

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13
Q

prostato-

A

prostate

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14
Q

salpingo-

A

uterine or fallopian tube

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15
Q

spermo- or spermato-

A

sperm or seed

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16
Q

toco-

A

birth

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17
Q

vaso-

A

vessel

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18
Q

__________ is a process in which organisms produce offspring by means of germ cells called gametes

A

sexual reproduction

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19
Q

through _________, the single-celled fertilized egg or zygote develops into an embry, then fetus and finally baby

A

mitosis

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20
Q

_________ is the specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

A

gynecology

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21
Q

________ is the study of the urinary system, but also includes diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system

A

urology

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22
Q

____1____ or sexual cell division occurs in sex cells (cells in ovaries and testies) to produce gametes called edges or sperm; there are 2 cell divisions (___2___ & ____3___) that result in 4 genetically different gametes

A

1) meiosis
2) meiosis 1
3) meiosis 2

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23
Q

_______ refers to a cell (gamete) containing only one set of chromosomes

A

haploid

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24
Q

the formation of gametes through meiosis is called _________

A

gametogenesis

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25
Q

the formation of male gametes is called __________

A

spermatogenesis (in the testies)

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26
Q

the formation of female gametes is called ________

A

oogenesis (in the ovaries)

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27
Q

_______ is an out pouching of the abdomen from the root of the penis that supports the testes

A

scrotum

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28
Q

the temperature of the testes is regulated by the _________________

A

cremaster mm

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29
Q

Failure of the testes to decent is called ___________, involving one or both testes

A

cryptorchidism

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30
Q

_____ are a pair of oval glands surrounded by a capsule

A

testes

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31
Q

the testes internally consist of coiled __________ where sperm are produced by meiosis

A

seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

What are the 3 cells types of testes?

A

1) spermatogenic cells
2) sertoli cells
3) leydig cells

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33
Q

_________ is a comma- shaped organ that lies along the posterior boarder of the testis; sperm are transported from testes to mature here; also site of sperm storage for a month

A

epididymis

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34
Q

___________ is a continuous with the ductus epididymus and propels sperm during ejaculation; longest duct at 18 inches long

A

ductus (vas) deferens

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35
Q

_________ is formed by the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens; function to eject spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra

A

ejaculatory duct

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36
Q

________ is a shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems; serves as a passageway for semen and urine

A

urethra

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37
Q

_______ is a mixture of spermatozoa and accessory sex gland secretions (seminal fluid)

A

Sperm

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38
Q

What are the three functions of Semen?

A

1) provides fluid in which spermatozoa are transported
2) provides nutrients
3) neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina

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39
Q

______ is a male organ of copulation that consists of a root, body and glans penis; introduces spermatozoa into the vagina

A

penis

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40
Q

________ is due to the expansion of blood sinuses under the influence of sexual excitation (parasympathetic reflex)

A

erection

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41
Q

_________ is the propulsion of semen from the urethra to the exterior, due to a sympathetic reflex

A

ejaculation

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42
Q

covering the ___1___ is the loosely fitting ______2_____

A

1) glans penis

2) prepuce or foreskin

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43
Q

_________ is a surgical procedure in which part of or all of the prepuce is removed (for either religious or hygienic reasons)

A

circumcision

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44
Q

____________ refers to the hormonal relationships of the hypothalamus (GnRH), the anterior pituitary gland (FSH and LH) and the testes (androgens)

A

brain-testicular axis

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45
Q

What are four effects of testosterone on Males?

A

1) development before birth (reproductive ducts, external genitalia, “male” brain, and decent of testes)
2) sex characteristics (ie. enlargement of sex organs; development of secondary sex characteristics- wider sh & narrow hips, facial hair, thick skin, deepening of voice)
3) Sexual function
4) metabolism

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46
Q

_______ are paired glands homologous to the testes; located in the upper pelvic cavity, on either side of the uterus and are maintained in the position by a series of ligaments

A

ovaries

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47
Q

______________ covers the surface of the ovary

A

germinal epithelium

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48
Q

___1_______ expels a secondary oocyte by a process called ______2_______

A

1) mature (Graafian) follicle

2) ovulation

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49
Q

______1____ contains the remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces hormones (progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibit); it degenerates at the end of the menstrual cycle and becomes the _____2______ which no longer secretes hormones

A

1) corpus luteum

2) corpus albicans

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50
Q

___________ transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal sites of fertilization

A

uterine (fallopian) tubes

51
Q

the _________ is an organ the size and shape of an inverted pear; functions in the transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implanation of a fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during pregnancy and labour

A

the uterus

52
Q

______ is the narrow opening from the uterus to the vagina

A

cervix

53
Q

paired ____1_______ attach the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity; paired _____2_____ connect uterus to sacrum

A

1) broad ligaments

2) uterosacral ligaments

54
Q

What are the three layers of tissue that make up the uterus?

A

1) perimetrium
2) middle myometrium
3) inner myometrium
a) stratum functionalis
b) stratum basalis

55
Q

the outer ___________ is serosa which laterally forms the broad ligament

A

perimetrium

56
Q

__________ which consists of three mm layers that respond to oxytocin during labour (period cramps)

A

middle myometrium

57
Q

___________ which is highly vascularized and divided into the: ____a_____ which is shed during menstruation & ___b____ which is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functional is after each menstruation

A

1) inner myometrium
a) stratum functionalis
b) stratum basalis

58
Q

____________ refers to surgical removal of the uterus and is the most common gynecological operation

A

Hysterectomy

59
Q

the functions of the ________ is a passageway for spermatozoa and menstrual flow, the receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse, the lower portion of the birth canal

A

vagina

60
Q

the mucosa of the vagina consists of transverse folds called ______

A

rugae

61
Q

the vaginal orifice is often partially covered by a thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane called the _______

A

hymen

62
Q

The _______ or pudendum, refers to the external genitalia of the female which consists of structures such as the mons pubis, labia major, labia minora, clitoris and vestibule

A

vulva

63
Q

________ is elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair which serves to cushion the pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

64
Q

_______ external folds of adipose filled tissue covered with hair

A

labia majora

65
Q

_________ is two small folds devoid of pubic hair

A

labia minora

66
Q

_________ is composed of erectile tissue and located at the anterior junction of the labia minora

A

clitoris

67
Q

_________ is located between the two labia minor and contains the hymen, vaginal office, external urethral office and openings of ducts of several glands

A

vestibule

68
Q

__________ is a diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus

A

perineum

69
Q

__________ can be performed before delivering a baby to attempt to make the tissue more pliable and less likely to tear

A

perineal massage

70
Q

________ are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that lie over the pectorals major and serratus anterior mm

A

mammary glands

71
Q

milk secreting cells, referred to as ______, are clustered in small compartments (lobules) within the breasts

A

alveoli

72
Q

_________ is the synthesis of milk and consists of both secretion and ejection of milk

A

lactation

73
Q

______________ is the most common cause of a breast lump in which one or more cysts (fluid filled sacs) and thickening of alveoli (clusters of milk-secreting cells) develop

A

fibrocyctic disease

74
Q

What is the functions of estrogens?

A
  • promote development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics and breasts
  • fat deposition in breasts, mons pubis, hips
  • widening of the hips
  • body hair pattern
  • fluid and electrolyte balance
  • metabolism: protein anabolism
75
Q

What is the functions of progesterone?

A
  • functions with estrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation
  • necessary for milk secretion
  • high level will inhibit secretion of prolactin and GNRH
76
Q

What is the functions of inhibin?

A
  • secreted by corpus luteum

- inhibits FSH and GNRH secretion and to a smaller extent LH secretion

77
Q

What is the functions of relaxin?

A
  • produced in highest concentration by placenta during last trimester of pregnancy
  • relaxes pubic symphysis and dilates cervix
78
Q

What are the three phases of the reproductive cycle?

A

1) menstrual phase
2) preovulatory phase
* **OVULATION
3) postovulatory phase

79
Q

______1____ phase or ______2_____ or ____3_____ lasts for the first 1-5 days of a cycle; 50-150ml of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells are discharged; entire stratum functionalis sloughs off; at about day 5, approx. ______4_____ develop into ____5_____ in the ovaries

A

1) menstrual phase
2) menstruation
3) menses
4) 20 primordial follicles
5) secondary follicles

80
Q

the _____1_____ phase is between menstruation and ovulation; variable in length; approx. days 6- 13 in 28 day cycle; the dominant secondary follicle matures into a ______2________

A

1) preovulatory

2) vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle

81
Q

*****__________ is rupture of the ovarian follicle with release of secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity; occurs on day 14 approx.; becomes the corpus luteum

A

Ovulation

82
Q

_____1____ phase is the most constant phase; days 15-28; as LH declines, the corpus leteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans; the corpus leteum is maintained by _____2________ which is detected by home pregnancy kits

A

1) post ovulatory phase

2) human chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

83
Q

_______ refers to fusion of ovum and sperm

A

fertilization

84
Q

___________ or fertilization by more than one sperm us lethal for the fertilized ovum

A

polyspermy

85
Q

occasionally 2 or more ova may be released during ovulation ; if each of these is fertilized, the result is fraternal (________) twins, triplets or quadruplets

A

dizygotic

86
Q

__________ (identical) twins, tripplets, quadruplets result from the fertilization of a single ovum by a single sperm followed by cell division that results in a single duplication or multiple duplications of the fertilized ovum prior to implantation

A

monozygotic

87
Q

the fertilized egg or zygote undergoes mitosis or _________

A

cleavage

88
Q

cleavage continues until the multicellular ball of cells becomes hallow; now called a ___________

A

blastocyst

89
Q

___________ takes place when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrial wall of the uterus

A

implantation

90
Q

___________ are pregnancies whereby implantation occurs in the fallopian tube or in the abdomen

A

ectopic pregnancies

91
Q

the endometrial glands provide glycogen-rich ___________ to nourish the blastocyst

A

uterine milk

92
Q

the first two months of development are referred to as the _______________; after implantation in the uterine wall, the blastocyst is called the embryo

A

embryonic period

93
Q

after two months, the embryo is called the fetus and is referred to as the ______ period

A

fetal period

94
Q

_______ is associated with the human fetus is poorly developed as the placenta supplies nutrients; but acts in early blood formation

A

yolk sac

95
Q

_______ is a think membrane surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (amniotic fluid) which surrounds the fetus; it acts as a shock absorber for the fetus, regulates body temperature and prevents adhesions between fetal and maternal tissues; it ruptures just before birth

A

amnion

96
Q

_______ surrounds the fetus/embryo and the amnion, it becomes the principle part of the embryo’s contribution to the placenta

A

chorion

97
Q

_______ is a vascularized membrane between the chorion and amnion of the fetus; early site of blood formation

A

allantois

98
Q

after 2 months, the blastocyst depends on the placenta for:

A
  • oxygen, nutrients, waste removal, antibodies to various diseases (some exceptions), storage of nutrients, secretion of hormones necessary for maintenance of pregnancy and explosion of fetus at end of term
99
Q

the ______1______ is a vascular connection between mother and fetus; __2__ consists of two _____3______ (carry deoxygenated fetal blood to placenta) and one ____4____ (carries oxygenated blood to fetus)

A

1) umbilical chord
2) cord
3) umbilical arteries
4) umbilical vein

100
Q

Exchange of materials across the placenta (5)

A

1) gases
2) nutrients
3) wastes
4) Drugs
5) antibodies

101
Q

pregnancy lasts on average 266 days (38 weeks from fertilization, 40 weeks from day 1 of last menstrual period) and is divided into three month periods called ___________

A

trimesters

102
Q

Physical changes during the first trimester:

A
  • first 3 months after fertilization
  • morning sickness may occur
  • frequent urination
  • breast swelling and tenderness
  • increased vaginal secretions
103
Q

physical changes during the second trimester:

A
  • months 4-6
  • fetus begins to move (end of 4th month)
  • retention of fluid - perhaps edema
  • increased RBC production and this a large increase in blood volume
  • increased appetite
  • increased maternal cardiac output (30-40%)
  • growth of the uterus: protrusion of the abdomen, widening of the waist, stretch marks
  • indigestion, constipation and hemorrhoids
  • development in the breasts: dramatic increase in size - stretch marks
104
Q

__________ begins to be secreted, thin cloudy fluid produced before milk comes in

A

coldstrum

105
Q

Physical changes during the third trimester:

A
  • largest weight gain
  • uterus reaches largest size and protrusion of abdomen changes center of gravity
  • backache and headache due to altered walking (sacroiliac joint)
  • great increase in frequency of urination (4-5 times per night) thus altered sleep and fatigue
  • mm cramps
  • shortness of breath
106
Q

______________ are short spasmodic contractions of the uterus; occur infequently during the third trimester and may become stronger, more regular and more frequent as parturition approaches

A

Brazton-Hicks contractions

107
Q

______ or parturition is said to begin when uterine contractions start to occur once every 10-15 minutes

A

labour

108
Q

________ is secretion or ejection of milk from the mammary glands

A

lactation

109
Q

________ promotes secretion into the ducts

A

prolactin

110
Q

_________ promotes ejection or letdown

A

oxytocin

111
Q

___________ is undescended testicles in a newborn which usually descend spontaneously with a year; because early producing cells were exposed to higher core body temperatures; it leads to sterility (if both testes undescended); higher incidence of testicular cancer

A

cryptorchidism

112
Q

___________ is most common type of cancer in men ages 20-25; tumour cells arise from spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules

A

testicular cancer

113
Q

__________ in the canal, there is a weak spot in the abdominal wall part of an organ (most commonly large or small intestine) protrudes; ________ are less common in women due to small cannal’s

A

inguinal hernia

114
Q

__________ is a gland which hasn’t gown since puberty begins to grow in a mature man; obstructs the urethra and possibly leading to constant urgency to urinate

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

115
Q

____1______ is growth of malignant cells in ___2____ gland; can metastasize to near by bones or lymph nodes

A

1) prostate cancer

2) prostate gland

116
Q

___________ is growth of the endometrial tissue in the pelvix cavity via uterine tube openings; can grow on ovaries, sigmoid colon abdominal wall, kidneys and urinary bladder

A

endometriosis

117
Q

_________________ infections (usually chlamydia) of female reproductive organs which may include cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and entire pelvic cavity

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

118
Q

______________ is a collection of many signs and symptoms occurring in the time bwteen ovulation and menstruation, subsiding afterwards

A

premenstral syndrome (PMS)

119
Q

_____________ weakening of uterine ligaments can result in uterine prolapse, due to age, disease, dramatic vaginal delivery, chronic straining due to constipation or coughing

A

uterine prolapse

120
Q

___________ is growth of malignant cells in breast tissue which can metastasize to neighbouring lymph nodes, mm, bone and rest of body

A

breast cancer

121
Q

___________ is development of cancerous cells in the lining of the cervix which can spread to the rest of cervix, uterus and other organs in the pelvic cavity

A

cervical cancer

122
Q

_____________ is development of malignant tumours in the ovaries that can metastasize

A

ovarian cancer

123
Q

_____________ is fluid-filled growths in the ovaries which may be benign

A

ovarian cysts

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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