Chapter 29 - Reproductive System Flashcards
-arche
beginning
cervico-
neck or cervix
colpo- or vagino-
vagina or sheath
episio- or vulvo-
covering
gyneco-
women
hystero- or metor- or utero-
uterus
lacto-
milk
masto- or mammo-
breast
meno-
menstruation
oophoro- or ovario -
ovary or egg
orcho-, orchio-, orchido- or testo-
testis or testicle
ovi- or ovo-
egg
prostato-
prostate
salpingo-
uterine or fallopian tube
spermo- or spermato-
sperm or seed
toco-
birth
vaso-
vessel
__________ is a process in which organisms produce offspring by means of germ cells called gametes
sexual reproduction
through _________, the single-celled fertilized egg or zygote develops into an embry, then fetus and finally baby
mitosis
_________ is the specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system
gynecology
________ is the study of the urinary system, but also includes diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system
urology
____1____ or sexual cell division occurs in sex cells (cells in ovaries and testies) to produce gametes called edges or sperm; there are 2 cell divisions (___2___ & ____3___) that result in 4 genetically different gametes
1) meiosis
2) meiosis 1
3) meiosis 2
_______ refers to a cell (gamete) containing only one set of chromosomes
haploid
the formation of gametes through meiosis is called _________
gametogenesis
the formation of male gametes is called __________
spermatogenesis (in the testies)
the formation of female gametes is called ________
oogenesis (in the ovaries)
_______ is an out pouching of the abdomen from the root of the penis that supports the testes
scrotum
the temperature of the testes is regulated by the _________________
cremaster mm
Failure of the testes to decent is called ___________, involving one or both testes
cryptorchidism
_____ are a pair of oval glands surrounded by a capsule
testes
the testes internally consist of coiled __________ where sperm are produced by meiosis
seminiferous tubules
What are the 3 cells types of testes?
1) spermatogenic cells
2) sertoli cells
3) leydig cells
_________ is a comma- shaped organ that lies along the posterior boarder of the testis; sperm are transported from testes to mature here; also site of sperm storage for a month
epididymis
___________ is a continuous with the ductus epididymus and propels sperm during ejaculation; longest duct at 18 inches long
ductus (vas) deferens
_________ is formed by the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens; function to eject spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra
ejaculatory duct
________ is a shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems; serves as a passageway for semen and urine
urethra
_______ is a mixture of spermatozoa and accessory sex gland secretions (seminal fluid)
Sperm
What are the three functions of Semen?
1) provides fluid in which spermatozoa are transported
2) provides nutrients
3) neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina
______ is a male organ of copulation that consists of a root, body and glans penis; introduces spermatozoa into the vagina
penis
________ is due to the expansion of blood sinuses under the influence of sexual excitation (parasympathetic reflex)
erection
_________ is the propulsion of semen from the urethra to the exterior, due to a sympathetic reflex
ejaculation
covering the ___1___ is the loosely fitting ______2_____
1) glans penis
2) prepuce or foreskin
_________ is a surgical procedure in which part of or all of the prepuce is removed (for either religious or hygienic reasons)
circumcision
____________ refers to the hormonal relationships of the hypothalamus (GnRH), the anterior pituitary gland (FSH and LH) and the testes (androgens)
brain-testicular axis
What are four effects of testosterone on Males?
1) development before birth (reproductive ducts, external genitalia, “male” brain, and decent of testes)
2) sex characteristics (ie. enlargement of sex organs; development of secondary sex characteristics- wider sh & narrow hips, facial hair, thick skin, deepening of voice)
3) Sexual function
4) metabolism
_______ are paired glands homologous to the testes; located in the upper pelvic cavity, on either side of the uterus and are maintained in the position by a series of ligaments
ovaries
______________ covers the surface of the ovary
germinal epithelium
___1_______ expels a secondary oocyte by a process called ______2_______
1) mature (Graafian) follicle
2) ovulation
______1____ contains the remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces hormones (progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibit); it degenerates at the end of the menstrual cycle and becomes the _____2______ which no longer secretes hormones
1) corpus luteum
2) corpus albicans
___________ transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal sites of fertilization
uterine (fallopian) tubes
the _________ is an organ the size and shape of an inverted pear; functions in the transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implanation of a fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during pregnancy and labour
the uterus
______ is the narrow opening from the uterus to the vagina
cervix
paired ____1_______ attach the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity; paired _____2_____ connect uterus to sacrum
1) broad ligaments
2) uterosacral ligaments
What are the three layers of tissue that make up the uterus?
1) perimetrium
2) middle myometrium
3) inner myometrium
a) stratum functionalis
b) stratum basalis
the outer ___________ is serosa which laterally forms the broad ligament
perimetrium
__________ which consists of three mm layers that respond to oxytocin during labour (period cramps)
middle myometrium
___________ which is highly vascularized and divided into the: ____a_____ which is shed during menstruation & ___b____ which is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functional is after each menstruation
1) inner myometrium
a) stratum functionalis
b) stratum basalis
____________ refers to surgical removal of the uterus and is the most common gynecological operation
Hysterectomy
the functions of the ________ is a passageway for spermatozoa and menstrual flow, the receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse, the lower portion of the birth canal
vagina
the mucosa of the vagina consists of transverse folds called ______
rugae
the vaginal orifice is often partially covered by a thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane called the _______
hymen
The _______ or pudendum, refers to the external genitalia of the female which consists of structures such as the mons pubis, labia major, labia minora, clitoris and vestibule
vulva
________ is elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair which serves to cushion the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
_______ external folds of adipose filled tissue covered with hair
labia majora
_________ is two small folds devoid of pubic hair
labia minora
_________ is composed of erectile tissue and located at the anterior junction of the labia minora
clitoris
_________ is located between the two labia minor and contains the hymen, vaginal office, external urethral office and openings of ducts of several glands
vestibule
__________ is a diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus
perineum
__________ can be performed before delivering a baby to attempt to make the tissue more pliable and less likely to tear
perineal massage
________ are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that lie over the pectorals major and serratus anterior mm
mammary glands
milk secreting cells, referred to as ______, are clustered in small compartments (lobules) within the breasts
alveoli
_________ is the synthesis of milk and consists of both secretion and ejection of milk
lactation
______________ is the most common cause of a breast lump in which one or more cysts (fluid filled sacs) and thickening of alveoli (clusters of milk-secreting cells) develop
fibrocyctic disease
What is the functions of estrogens?
- promote development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics and breasts
- fat deposition in breasts, mons pubis, hips
- widening of the hips
- body hair pattern
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- metabolism: protein anabolism
What is the functions of progesterone?
- functions with estrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation
- necessary for milk secretion
- high level will inhibit secretion of prolactin and GNRH
What is the functions of inhibin?
- secreted by corpus luteum
- inhibits FSH and GNRH secretion and to a smaller extent LH secretion
What is the functions of relaxin?
- produced in highest concentration by placenta during last trimester of pregnancy
- relaxes pubic symphysis and dilates cervix
What are the three phases of the reproductive cycle?
1) menstrual phase
2) preovulatory phase
* **OVULATION
3) postovulatory phase
______1____ phase or ______2_____ or ____3_____ lasts for the first 1-5 days of a cycle; 50-150ml of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells are discharged; entire stratum functionalis sloughs off; at about day 5, approx. ______4_____ develop into ____5_____ in the ovaries
1) menstrual phase
2) menstruation
3) menses
4) 20 primordial follicles
5) secondary follicles
the _____1_____ phase is between menstruation and ovulation; variable in length; approx. days 6- 13 in 28 day cycle; the dominant secondary follicle matures into a ______2________
1) preovulatory
2) vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle
*****__________ is rupture of the ovarian follicle with release of secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity; occurs on day 14 approx.; becomes the corpus luteum
Ovulation
_____1____ phase is the most constant phase; days 15-28; as LH declines, the corpus leteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans; the corpus leteum is maintained by _____2________ which is detected by home pregnancy kits
1) post ovulatory phase
2) human chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
_______ refers to fusion of ovum and sperm
fertilization
___________ or fertilization by more than one sperm us lethal for the fertilized ovum
polyspermy
occasionally 2 or more ova may be released during ovulation ; if each of these is fertilized, the result is fraternal (________) twins, triplets or quadruplets
dizygotic
__________ (identical) twins, tripplets, quadruplets result from the fertilization of a single ovum by a single sperm followed by cell division that results in a single duplication or multiple duplications of the fertilized ovum prior to implantation
monozygotic
the fertilized egg or zygote undergoes mitosis or _________
cleavage
cleavage continues until the multicellular ball of cells becomes hallow; now called a ___________
blastocyst
___________ takes place when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrial wall of the uterus
implantation
___________ are pregnancies whereby implantation occurs in the fallopian tube or in the abdomen
ectopic pregnancies
the endometrial glands provide glycogen-rich ___________ to nourish the blastocyst
uterine milk
the first two months of development are referred to as the _______________; after implantation in the uterine wall, the blastocyst is called the embryo
embryonic period
after two months, the embryo is called the fetus and is referred to as the ______ period
fetal period
_______ is associated with the human fetus is poorly developed as the placenta supplies nutrients; but acts in early blood formation
yolk sac
_______ is a think membrane surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (amniotic fluid) which surrounds the fetus; it acts as a shock absorber for the fetus, regulates body temperature and prevents adhesions between fetal and maternal tissues; it ruptures just before birth
amnion
_______ surrounds the fetus/embryo and the amnion, it becomes the principle part of the embryo’s contribution to the placenta
chorion
_______ is a vascularized membrane between the chorion and amnion of the fetus; early site of blood formation
allantois
after 2 months, the blastocyst depends on the placenta for:
- oxygen, nutrients, waste removal, antibodies to various diseases (some exceptions), storage of nutrients, secretion of hormones necessary for maintenance of pregnancy and explosion of fetus at end of term
the ______1______ is a vascular connection between mother and fetus; __2__ consists of two _____3______ (carry deoxygenated fetal blood to placenta) and one ____4____ (carries oxygenated blood to fetus)
1) umbilical chord
2) cord
3) umbilical arteries
4) umbilical vein
Exchange of materials across the placenta (5)
1) gases
2) nutrients
3) wastes
4) Drugs
5) antibodies
pregnancy lasts on average 266 days (38 weeks from fertilization, 40 weeks from day 1 of last menstrual period) and is divided into three month periods called ___________
trimesters
Physical changes during the first trimester:
- first 3 months after fertilization
- morning sickness may occur
- frequent urination
- breast swelling and tenderness
- increased vaginal secretions
physical changes during the second trimester:
- months 4-6
- fetus begins to move (end of 4th month)
- retention of fluid - perhaps edema
- increased RBC production and this a large increase in blood volume
- increased appetite
- increased maternal cardiac output (30-40%)
- growth of the uterus: protrusion of the abdomen, widening of the waist, stretch marks
- indigestion, constipation and hemorrhoids
- development in the breasts: dramatic increase in size - stretch marks
__________ begins to be secreted, thin cloudy fluid produced before milk comes in
coldstrum
Physical changes during the third trimester:
- largest weight gain
- uterus reaches largest size and protrusion of abdomen changes center of gravity
- backache and headache due to altered walking (sacroiliac joint)
- great increase in frequency of urination (4-5 times per night) thus altered sleep and fatigue
- mm cramps
- shortness of breath
______________ are short spasmodic contractions of the uterus; occur infequently during the third trimester and may become stronger, more regular and more frequent as parturition approaches
Brazton-Hicks contractions
______ or parturition is said to begin when uterine contractions start to occur once every 10-15 minutes
labour
________ is secretion or ejection of milk from the mammary glands
lactation
________ promotes secretion into the ducts
prolactin
_________ promotes ejection or letdown
oxytocin
___________ is undescended testicles in a newborn which usually descend spontaneously with a year; because early producing cells were exposed to higher core body temperatures; it leads to sterility (if both testes undescended); higher incidence of testicular cancer
cryptorchidism
___________ is most common type of cancer in men ages 20-25; tumour cells arise from spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules
testicular cancer
__________ in the canal, there is a weak spot in the abdominal wall part of an organ (most commonly large or small intestine) protrudes; ________ are less common in women due to small cannal’s
inguinal hernia
__________ is a gland which hasn’t gown since puberty begins to grow in a mature man; obstructs the urethra and possibly leading to constant urgency to urinate
benign prostatic hyperplasia
____1______ is growth of malignant cells in ___2____ gland; can metastasize to near by bones or lymph nodes
1) prostate cancer
2) prostate gland
___________ is growth of the endometrial tissue in the pelvix cavity via uterine tube openings; can grow on ovaries, sigmoid colon abdominal wall, kidneys and urinary bladder
endometriosis
_________________ infections (usually chlamydia) of female reproductive organs which may include cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and entire pelvic cavity
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
______________ is a collection of many signs and symptoms occurring in the time bwteen ovulation and menstruation, subsiding afterwards
premenstral syndrome (PMS)
_____________ weakening of uterine ligaments can result in uterine prolapse, due to age, disease, dramatic vaginal delivery, chronic straining due to constipation or coughing
uterine prolapse
___________ is growth of malignant cells in breast tissue which can metastasize to neighbouring lymph nodes, mm, bone and rest of body
breast cancer
___________ is development of cancerous cells in the lining of the cervix which can spread to the rest of cervix, uterus and other organs in the pelvic cavity
cervical cancer
_____________ is development of malignant tumours in the ovaries that can metastasize
ovarian cancer
_____________ is fluid-filled growths in the ovaries which may be benign
ovarian cysts
