Chapter 28 - Urinary System Flashcards
Cysto-
fluid filled sac/bladder
glomerulo -
little ball
gluco- and glyco-
sugar
keto- and ketono -
ketone bodies
litho-
stone
nephro- and reno-
kidney
pyelo-
basin
uretero-
ureter (have two of these)
urethro-
urethra (only have one of these)
uro- and urino-
urination
uria-
urine
Main functions of the kidney’s: (8)
- Waste elimination
- Regulate blood composition (regulates water and salts)
- Regulate blood volume
- Regulate blood pressure
- Regulate blood ph
- Metabolism
- Release Hormones
- Maintenance of blood osmolarity (salt concentration)
__________ are from the breakdown of proteins and amino acids
nitrogenous wastes
________ is the toxic build up of urea in the blood due to kidney failure
uremia
___________ is the deamination of glutamine, an amino acid
gluconeogenesis
________ is the active form of vitamin D
calcitriol
________ stimulates production of red blood cells (in bone marrow)
erythropoietin
the ____1___ are a pair of reddish, kidney-bean shaped organs; located in the posterior abdominal wall anterior to the vertebrae T12-L3; ____2_____ (covered on one side only with parietal peritoneum)
1) kidneys
2) retroperitoneal
the renal __1__ or ___2___ is the indentation located in the center of the concave medial boarder; ureters, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter or exit
1) hilum
2) hilus
________ is a smooth, sheet of connective tissue that protects and maintains the shape of the kidney
renal capsule
________ is superficial to the renal capsule and helps protect and anchor the kidney
adipose capsule
_______ is deep to the parietal peritoneum covering the kidneys, anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and the abdominal wall
renal fascia
________ is a floating kidney which the kidney drops from its normal position; occurs in very think people who do not have enough adipose capsule; could lead to kinking of the ureter which could damage the kidneys
nephroptosis
______ is the outer part of the kidney containing renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules
renal cortex (1/4 of kidney)
extensions of the renal cortex between renal pyramids are referred to as _________
renal pyramids
_________ is the inner part of the kidney containing the loops of henle and collecting ducts
renal medulla (3/4 of kidney)
the renal medulla is further subdivided into ___1______ with its apex (_____2____) facing the hilus
1) renal pyramids
2) renal papilla
the ___________ supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney
renal artery
the renal artery branches into several ____________ before entering the kidney via the hilus
segmental arteries
each nephron receives blood from one __________
afferent arteriole
the afferent arteriole divides into a tangled, ball shaped capillary network called the __________
glomerulus
glormerular capillaries reunite to form the __________ which arries filtered blood away from the renal corpuscle
efferent arteriole
the efferent arteriole divides to form the _______1______ which surround the rest of the renal tubule in the renal cortex; peritubilar capillaries extensions down into the medullar to form the ___2___
1) peritubular capillaries
2) vasa recta
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta converge and eventually form the ______ which exits the hilus
renal vein
________ is the renal corpuscle located in the outer cortex; short loops of Henle which penetrate only into the outer medulla of the kidney; these are the majority of nephrons in humans
cortical nephrons
_________ is the renal corpuscle located deep in the cortex; long loops of Henle penetrate deep into the medulla; make up 15-20% of human nephrons; involved in regulating the concentration of urine
juxamedullary nephrons
_________ is the site of blood filtration; consists of capillary-like glomerulus and bowman’s capsule of nephron
renal corpuscle
the filtrate is formed at the ____________________ located at the Bowman’s Capsule-glomerulus junction
endothelial-capsular membrane
__________ is the site of reabsorption of needed filtrate components and additional secretion of unwanted substances into the filtrate
renal tubule
______________is made of simple cuboidal epithelium with a brush boarder on the surface facing the lumen; increase surface area for reabsorption: 65% of the water and up to 100% of some solutes are reabsorbed into the blood stream
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
_________; the length of loop varies with cortical and juxamedullary nephrons; the longer the loop, the more reabsorption from filtrate and the less urine produced.
loop of Henle
__________________ ;majority are principle cells which are sensitive to the hormones ADH and aldosterone
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
______________ is when the afferent arteriole which enters the renal corpuscle first makes contact with the final portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
What 3 processes are needed to form urine at the nephron?
1) filtration: occurring at the renal corpuscle
2) reabsorption: all along the tubule
3) secretion: all along the tubule
__________ occurs in the renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus) across the endothelial capsular membrane or filter.
filtration
What are the 3 layers to filtration at the renal corpuscle?
1) endothelial fenstrations of glomerulus
2) basement membrane of glomerulus
3) filtration flits of capsular podocytes
__________ are the epithelial cells of the Bowman’s capsule
podocytes
podocytes 1000’s foot-like ________ wrap around the glomerulus
pedicels
the spaces between the pedicels are called _____________ and they are covered with a membrane
filtration slits
_________ is a selective process that reclaims water and solutes back into the blood from the filtrate
reabsorption
water and solutes move into ________________ (reabsorbed solutes include glucose, amino acids, urea, Na+, K+, [by passive and active processes])
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
most reabsorption occurs in the _____________________
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
_____________ removes substances from the blood and adds them to the filtrate
tubular secretion
_________ is the analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine which reveals much about the state of the body.
urinalysis
What should one not find in their urine?
blood cells, large plasma proteins like albumin, glucose and bacteria
What constitutes normal urine?
- volume - 1-2 litres per day
- pale yellow to darker yellow due to urochrome and urobilin, diet
- turbidity - transparent at first, but becomes cloudy
- odor - normally ammonia, fruity smell if ketone bodies present (diabetes mellitus)
- pH - 4.6-8.0, depends on protein (acidic) or vegetable (alkaline) intake
- specific gravity(measure of solute concentration - how dence pee is)
What constitutes abnormal urine?
red blood cells, white blood cells and microbes, glucose, albumin
__________ is the separation of the large solutes from smaller ones through use of a selectively permeable membrane
dialysis
filtering blood through an artificial kidney machine is called __________
hemodialysis
a portable method of dialysis is called _____________________________
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
_______ transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder, primarily by peristalsis, but hydrostatic pressure and gravity also contribute
ureters
___________ is a hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis
urinary bladder
in the floor of the urinary bladder is a small, smooth triangular area, called the ______; the ureters enter the urinary bladder near two posterior point in the triangle and the urethra drains the urinary bladder from the anterior point of the triangle
trigone
___________ is commonly known as urination or voiding is the expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder
micturition (peeing)
the muscularis forming the ____________ is important for micturition
detrusor muscle
_____________ is composed of smooth, circular fibers of the muscularis and is located around the opening to the urethra
internal urethral sphincter
_____________ is composed of skeletal (voluntary) muscle and is located below the internal sphincter
external urethral sphincter
_______ is a tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior
urethra
__________ is the lack of voluntary control over micturition
incontinence
_________ is a solid deposit of crystals, usually in the renal pelvis, of salts normally dissolved in urine
kidney stones (renal calculi)
_____1____ is an infection of a part of the urinary system or the presence of large numbers of microbes in urine; ___1____ include ___2____ (inflammation of the urinary bladder)
1) Urinary Tract Infection
2) Cystitis
___________ is inflammation of the kidney
pyelonephritis
________________ is when glomeruli become inflamed and do not function efficiently; can be due to untreated urinary tract infections
glomerular nephritis
_______________ is one of the most common inherited disorders (autosomal dominant); kidney tubules become riddled with hundreds or thousands of cysts, and tubule cells die; progressive impairment of renal function and eventually to renal failure
polycyctic kidney disease
