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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 28 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Cysto-

A

fluid filled sac/bladder

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2
Q

glomerulo -

A

little ball

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3
Q

gluco- and glyco-

A

sugar

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4
Q

keto- and ketono -

A

ketone bodies

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5
Q

litho-

A

stone

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6
Q

nephro- and reno-

A

kidney

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7
Q

pyelo-

A

basin

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8
Q

uretero-

A

ureter (have two of these)

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9
Q

urethro-

A

urethra (only have one of these)

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10
Q

uro- and urino-

A

urination

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11
Q

uria-

A

urine

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12
Q

Main functions of the kidney’s: (8)

A
  1. Waste elimination
  2. Regulate blood composition (regulates water and salts)
  3. Regulate blood volume
  4. Regulate blood pressure
  5. Regulate blood ph
  6. Metabolism
  7. Release Hormones
  8. Maintenance of blood osmolarity (salt concentration)
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13
Q

__________ are from the breakdown of proteins and amino acids

A

nitrogenous wastes

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14
Q

________ is the toxic build up of urea in the blood due to kidney failure

A

uremia

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15
Q

___________ is the deamination of glutamine, an amino acid

A

gluconeogenesis

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16
Q

________ is the active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

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17
Q

________ stimulates production of red blood cells (in bone marrow)

A

erythropoietin

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18
Q

the ____1___ are a pair of reddish, kidney-bean shaped organs; located in the posterior abdominal wall anterior to the vertebrae T12-L3; ____2_____ (covered on one side only with parietal peritoneum)

A

1) kidneys

2) retroperitoneal

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19
Q

the renal __1__ or ___2___ is the indentation located in the center of the concave medial boarder; ureters, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter or exit

A

1) hilum

2) hilus

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20
Q

________ is a smooth, sheet of connective tissue that protects and maintains the shape of the kidney

A

renal capsule

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21
Q

________ is superficial to the renal capsule and helps protect and anchor the kidney

A

adipose capsule

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22
Q

_______ is deep to the parietal peritoneum covering the kidneys, anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and the abdominal wall

A

renal fascia

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23
Q

________ is a floating kidney which the kidney drops from its normal position; occurs in very think people who do not have enough adipose capsule; could lead to kinking of the ureter which could damage the kidneys

A

nephroptosis

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24
Q

______ is the outer part of the kidney containing renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules

A

renal cortex (1/4 of kidney)

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25
Q

extensions of the renal cortex between renal pyramids are referred to as _________

A

renal pyramids

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26
Q

_________ is the inner part of the kidney containing the loops of henle and collecting ducts

A

renal medulla (3/4 of kidney)

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27
Q

the renal medulla is further subdivided into ___1______ with its apex (_____2____) facing the hilus

A

1) renal pyramids

2) renal papilla

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28
Q

the ___________ supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney

A

renal artery

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29
Q

the renal artery branches into several ____________ before entering the kidney via the hilus

A

segmental arteries

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30
Q

each nephron receives blood from one __________

A

afferent arteriole

31
Q

the afferent arteriole divides into a tangled, ball shaped capillary network called the __________

A

glomerulus

32
Q

glormerular capillaries reunite to form the __________ which arries filtered blood away from the renal corpuscle

A

efferent arteriole

33
Q

the efferent arteriole divides to form the _______1______ which surround the rest of the renal tubule in the renal cortex; peritubilar capillaries extensions down into the medullar to form the ___2___

A

1) peritubular capillaries

2) vasa recta

34
Q

peritubular capillaries and vasa recta converge and eventually form the ______ which exits the hilus

A

renal vein

35
Q

________ is the renal corpuscle located in the outer cortex; short loops of Henle which penetrate only into the outer medulla of the kidney; these are the majority of nephrons in humans

A

cortical nephrons

36
Q

_________ is the renal corpuscle located deep in the cortex; long loops of Henle penetrate deep into the medulla; make up 15-20% of human nephrons; involved in regulating the concentration of urine

A

juxamedullary nephrons

37
Q

_________ is the site of blood filtration; consists of capillary-like glomerulus and bowman’s capsule of nephron

A

renal corpuscle

38
Q

the filtrate is formed at the ____________________ located at the Bowman’s Capsule-glomerulus junction

A

endothelial-capsular membrane

39
Q

__________ is the site of reabsorption of needed filtrate components and additional secretion of unwanted substances into the filtrate

A

renal tubule

40
Q

______________is made of simple cuboidal epithelium with a brush boarder on the surface facing the lumen; increase surface area for reabsorption: 65% of the water and up to 100% of some solutes are reabsorbed into the blood stream

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

41
Q

_________; the length of loop varies with cortical and juxamedullary nephrons; the longer the loop, the more reabsorption from filtrate and the less urine produced.

A

loop of Henle

42
Q

__________________ ;majority are principle cells which are sensitive to the hormones ADH and aldosterone

A

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

43
Q

______________ is when the afferent arteriole which enters the renal corpuscle first makes contact with the final portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

44
Q

What 3 processes are needed to form urine at the nephron?

A

1) filtration: occurring at the renal corpuscle
2) reabsorption: all along the tubule
3) secretion: all along the tubule

45
Q

__________ occurs in the renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus) across the endothelial capsular membrane or filter.

A

filtration

46
Q

What are the 3 layers to filtration at the renal corpuscle?

A

1) endothelial fenstrations of glomerulus
2) basement membrane of glomerulus
3) filtration flits of capsular podocytes

47
Q

__________ are the epithelial cells of the Bowman’s capsule

A

podocytes

48
Q

podocytes 1000’s foot-like ________ wrap around the glomerulus

A

pedicels

49
Q

the spaces between the pedicels are called _____________ and they are covered with a membrane

A

filtration slits

50
Q

_________ is a selective process that reclaims water and solutes back into the blood from the filtrate

A

reabsorption

51
Q

water and solutes move into ________________ (reabsorbed solutes include glucose, amino acids, urea, Na+, K+, [by passive and active processes])

A

peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

52
Q

most reabsorption occurs in the _____________________

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

53
Q

_____________ removes substances from the blood and adds them to the filtrate

A

tubular secretion

54
Q

_________ is the analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine which reveals much about the state of the body.

A

urinalysis

55
Q

What should one not find in their urine?

A

blood cells, large plasma proteins like albumin, glucose and bacteria

56
Q

What constitutes normal urine?

A
  • volume - 1-2 litres per day
  • pale yellow to darker yellow due to urochrome and urobilin, diet
  • turbidity - transparent at first, but becomes cloudy
  • odor - normally ammonia, fruity smell if ketone bodies present (diabetes mellitus)
  • pH - 4.6-8.0, depends on protein (acidic) or vegetable (alkaline) intake
  • specific gravity(measure of solute concentration - how dence pee is)
57
Q

What constitutes abnormal urine?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and microbes, glucose, albumin

58
Q

__________ is the separation of the large solutes from smaller ones through use of a selectively permeable membrane

A

dialysis

59
Q

filtering blood through an artificial kidney machine is called __________

A

hemodialysis

60
Q

a portable method of dialysis is called _____________________________

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

61
Q

_______ transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder, primarily by peristalsis, but hydrostatic pressure and gravity also contribute

A

ureters

62
Q

___________ is a hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis

A

urinary bladder

63
Q

in the floor of the urinary bladder is a small, smooth triangular area, called the ______; the ureters enter the urinary bladder near two posterior point in the triangle and the urethra drains the urinary bladder from the anterior point of the triangle

A

trigone

64
Q

___________ is commonly known as urination or voiding is the expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder

A

micturition (peeing)

65
Q

the muscularis forming the ____________ is important for micturition

A

detrusor muscle

66
Q

_____________ is composed of smooth, circular fibers of the muscularis and is located around the opening to the urethra

A

internal urethral sphincter

67
Q

_____________ is composed of skeletal (voluntary) muscle and is located below the internal sphincter

A

external urethral sphincter

68
Q

_______ is a tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior

A

urethra

69
Q

__________ is the lack of voluntary control over micturition

A

incontinence

70
Q

_________ is a solid deposit of crystals, usually in the renal pelvis, of salts normally dissolved in urine

A

kidney stones (renal calculi)

71
Q

_____1____ is an infection of a part of the urinary system or the presence of large numbers of microbes in urine; ___1____ include ___2____ (inflammation of the urinary bladder)

A

1) Urinary Tract Infection

2) Cystitis

72
Q

___________ is inflammation of the kidney

A

pyelonephritis

73
Q

________________ is when glomeruli become inflamed and do not function efficiently; can be due to untreated urinary tract infections

A

glomerular nephritis

74
Q

_______________ is one of the most common inherited disorders (autosomal dominant); kidney tubules become riddled with hundreds or thousands of cysts, and tubule cells die; progressive impairment of renal function and eventually to renal failure

A

polycyctic kidney disease

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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