Chapter 26 - Digestive System Flashcards
Bucco-
Cheek
Celi- or celio- or laparo-
Abdomen
Colo- or Colon-
Colon
Denti-
Teeth
Duodeno-
Duodenum - first part of small intestine
-emesis
Vomiting
Entero-
Small intestine
Esophago-
Esophagus
Gastro-
Stomach
Gingiva
Gums
Glosso- and linguo-
Tongue
Bili- or chloe-
Bile
Hepato-
Liver
Litho-
Stone
Pancreato-
Pancreas
Peritoneo-
Peritoneum (abdominal pelvic cavity)
Phago-
Eat or swallow
Procto-
Rectum
Pyloro-
Pylorus, gatekeeper
______________ is inflammation of the appendix usually do to an infection following a blockage of the opening; blockage could be due to impacted fecal matter or inflammation of lymphatic tissue in the wall.
Appedicitis
___________ is a sign of end staged liver disease characterized by destruction of hepatocytes and replacement with scar tissue in the liver; causes include alcoholism and viral hepatitis; advance stage symptoms include jaundice, mm wasting, ascities, vomiting blood and metal and personality changes
Cirrhosis
____________ is malignant tumours of the colon or rectum which can block the bowel and or metastasize to other organs including the liver; symptoms include blood in the stool, iron deficiency anemia, unexplained weightless, extreme changes in bowel habits
colorectal cancer
___________ is caused by acids in the mouth de-mineralizing the enamel of teeth; acid sources include soda pop, frequent vomiting and bacterial fermentation of foods stuck on teeth
dental caries
___________ are crystals of cholesterol and/or bile pigments that form in the gallbladder up to the size of a gold ball; pain referred to upper right quadrant, between the shoulder blades and tip of the right shoulder; if the gallstones block the bile duct it can lead to pancreatitis and jaundice
gallstones
____________ is weak or impaired lower esophageal sphincter which permits the chronic splashing of stomach acid onto the unprotected esophageal mucosa; persistent heart burn causes structural changes to the epithelial cells which could lead to cancer
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
____________ is inflammation of the liver usually due to viral infection (______ A, B, or C); all types of _________ produce the same symptoms with variable severity: jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea
hepatitis
___________ is symptom of liver dysfunction; excess bilirubin in the blood which is then stored in fatty tissue and sclera of eyes (gives eyes a yellowish colour)
jaunduce
________ are a round oval sore where the lining of the stomach or duodenum has been eroded by stomach acid; due to: helicobacter pylori bacteria, heavy secretion of stomach acid, certain drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofin, and cancer
peptic ulcers
_________ is inflammation and degeneration of gums, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum; welling and bleeding of gums can lead to reabsorption of bone, loosening of teeth and receding gums; due to poor oral hygiene, smoking or poor bite
periodontal disease
__________ is when the mucosal layer of the colon becomes inflame and exhibits ulcers (IBD - inflammatory bowel disease); may be due to an overactive immune system response to a pathogen, maybe even autoimmunity (genetic)
ulcerative colitis (Autoimmune - Colon)
__________ is a form of IBD; can occur anywhere in the digestive tract and often spreads deeply into the affected tissues
Chrohn’s Disease (Autoimmune - Mouth to Anus)
__________ is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten; immune reaction to gluten protein in the small intestine; damage to the inner surface of the small intestine can lead to an inability to absorb nurients
Celiac Disease
the digestive system is composed of? _____1___ & ____2____
1) gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus)
2) accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
What are the steps in processing food?
ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, defecation
______ is taking in food and liquids through mouth
ingestion
______ is production and release of water, acid, buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract
secretion
___________ is alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth mm (segmentation contractions) in wall of GI tract mixes the food with the juices and moves it along
mixing and propulsion
_________ is the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to be taken into cells of the body
digestion
__________ is mechanically breaking down large pieces of food into small pieces with greater surface area so that enzymes can work more efficiently
mechanical digestion
___________ is digestive enzymes hydrolyse large polymers such as starch into glucose and triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
chemical digestion
_________ is the passage of small molecules through the plasma membranes of epithelial cells lining the stomach and intestines to the blood and lymph
absorption
_________ is elimination of deces from the GI tract
defecation
____ include indigestible substances, lots of bacteria, epithelial cells sloughed off the lining of the GI tract and digested material that was not absorbed
feces
What are the four main tissue layers of the gut wall? (called tunics- from inside to outside)
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa
The ___________ covers organs in the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
The __________ lines the abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
the peritoneal cavity is filled with _________
serious fluid
accumulation of fluid during infection (as such with peritonitis) is called _______
ascites
organs that lie in the posterior body wall and covered by parietal peritoneum on their anterior surface only are referred to as ____________ (ie. kidneys, adrenal glands, ascending and descending colons)
retroperitoneal
the peritoneum forms folds which connect the visceral peritoneum to the parietal peritoneum thus _______________
anchoring the organs
__________ which binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
mesentery
________ which binds the large intestine to the posterior body wall
mesocolon
___________ attaches liver to the abdominal wall and diaphram
falciform ligament
_________ attaches stomach and duodenum to liver
lesser omentum
__________ largest, with fat deposits and lymph nodes and connects the stomach, small intestine and turns upwards to attach to the transverse colon
greater omentum
the mouth is aka _1__ or __2__ cavity that is completely lined with non-keritinized stratified, squamous epithelium (mucous membrane)
1) oral
2) buccal
lips or _____ are the “fleshy boarders” surrounding the opening of the mouth
labia
_______ of the mouth extends from the cheeks and lips to the gums and teeth
vestibule
______1______ is the internal space bewteen the gums and teeth which extends to the posterior ____2____ or passageway to the oropharynx
1) oral cavity proper
2) fauces
_______ or anterior portion of the roof of the mouth is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones of the skull
hard palate
________ or posterior portion of the roof of the mouth is a muscular partition between the oropharynx and the superior nasopharynx
soft palate
the muscular _______ and its associated mm comprise the floor of the oral cavity
tongue
the _________ is the fold on the underside of the tongue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits posterior movement of the tongue
lingual frenulum
the upper surface is covered with tiny projections called ________ which contain taste receptors
papillae
__________ is the secretion of saliva
salivation
salivary glands are accessory structures; they are exocrine glands that continually secrete saliva composed of mostly water with some ions, digestive enzymes and _______ which kills some bacteria
lysozyme
List four functions of saliva:
1) to keep the mucous membranes lining the anterior portion of the digestive tract moist
2) lubricates the food
3) begin digestion
4) kills bacteria as a first line of defence
_________ starts the breakdown of starch into disaccharides
salivary amylase
_________ breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids
lingual lipase
list three pairs of salivary glands:
1) parotid glands
2) submandibular glands
3) sublingual glands
________ are due to a viral infection of parotid glands which cause them to swell; leads to fever and extreme pain of the throat; MMR vaccine prevents the _______
mumps
teeth are located in _______ of the upper maxillae and lower mandible (jaws)
sockets
the gums or ________ cover the bones and extend slightly into the sockets
gingivae
teeth are anchored into the sockets by the ______________ which also act as a shock absorber
periodontal ligaments
_____ is the exposed portion of a tooth
crown
below the gum level are the ______
roots
______ is the junction of the two (crown and roots) at the gum line
neck
the outermost layer of the exposed crown of the teeth is the hard ______ which protects the underlying layers from acids and wear and tear
enamel
the outermost portion of the root is the _________
cementum
teeth are composed of mainly _____; calcified connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
dentin
where dentin extends into the roots of the tooth it is called the ________
root canal
_________ is a funnel shaped tube extending from the back of the nasal passages and mouth down to the superior portion of the larynx (voice box)
pharynx (throat)
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx (respiration)
- oropharynx (digestion and respiration)
- laryngopharynx (digestion and respiration)
the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are involved in ________ or swallowing*****
deglutition*****
__________ is a muscular, collapsible tube found posterior to the trachea; functions in the passage of food to the stomach and only secretes mucus, no digestive enzymes
esophagus
the esophagus passes though a hole in the diaphragm called the _______________
esophageal hiatus
heartburn or _________________ is the result from a faulty lower esophageal sphincter, allowing passages of stomach acids up into the esophagus causing a buying sensation
GERD (astroesophageal reflux disease)
the _________ is a j-shaped organ situated under the diaphragm mainly in the epigastric region of the abdominal cavity (upper left quadrant); it is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion
stomach
the stomach is divided into four main regions: ____1__: superior region, junction with esophagus; ____2__: bulging region to the left and superior to the cardia; ___3___ main part of the stomach; __4___: inferior region which joins the duodenum of the small intestine
1) cardia
2) fundus
3) body
4) pylorus
_________ is the major site of chemical digestion and absorption
small intestine
_________ occurs (in small intestine) to mix the chyme with digestive juices and bring the food into contact with the absorptive epithelial lining
peristalsis
the small intestine is divided into three regions: _____1___: is the shortest part from the pyloric sphincter of stomach extending about 10 inches; _____2____: middle part about 8 feet long; ___3___: final region about 12 feet long
1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum
the ileum joins the large intestine at the site of the __________
ileosecal sphincter
circular folds or ____________ permanent ridges of the mucosa from the duodenum to the middle of the ileum which slow down the movement of chyme through the intestine
plicae circulares
_____ are visible folds of the mucosa which increase the surface area of the epithelium
villi
________ or brush border: microscopic finger like projects of the cell membrane of columnar epithelial cells, increases the surface area od the individual cells lining the lumen
microvilli
__________ is a minor site of mechanical and chemical digestion; the chemical digestion does not occur through secreted enzymes, but by bacterial action; shorter than the small intestine - extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus or distal opening of the digestive tract
large intestine
what are the four regions of the large intestine?
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
_________ is blind-ended pouch which hangs below the ileocecal sphincter
cecum
in humans there is a twisted blind-ended tube off the sedum call the _____________; because of the small diameter of the appendix, and its lumen can be easily blocked leading to infraction and appendicitis
vermiform appendix
a ruptured appendix can lead to __________ or inflammation of the peritoneum due to bacteria
peritonitis
_______ is the open end of the sedum merges with the ascending colon
colon
the ___________ travels up the right side of the abdomen
ascending colon
inferior to the liver it turns left travelling horizontally and now called the _____________
transverse colon
it turns downward to form the _____________ on the left side of the abdominal cavity
descending colon
the descending colon leads to the ___________ which turns to travel right, to the midline of the body and terminates at the rectum
sigmoid colon
_______ is the last 8 inches of the gastrointestinal tract; it lies anterior to the vertebral column
rectum
____1____ is the last inch of the rectum; mucous membrane forms longitudinal folds called _____2______ containing many arteries and veins
1) anal canal
2) anal columns
_________ are painful, itching, bleeding veins in the rectum which become gorged with blood when under pressure (pregnancy, low fiber diet, straining upon dedication, genetics)
hemorrhoids
_________ is retroperitoneal, posterior ro the greater curvature of the stomach, 5-6 inches long; has both endocrine and exocrine function
pancreas
99% of the cells in the pancreas are exocrine in function and produce _____1_______; these exocrine cells are arranged in clusters called ___2___
1) pancreatic juice
2) acini
pancreatic juice contains:
water, sodium bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, trypsin, trypsinogen, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
the larger ____1_____ usually joins the _____2_______ from the liver and gallbladder and enters the duodenum as the _____3______
1) pancreatic duct
2) common bile duct
3) hepatopancreatic ampulla
smaller _________ empties directly from the pancreas into the duodenum 1 inch superior to the hepatopancreatic ampulla
accessory duct
_________ is the second largest organ in the body (after skin), largest gland; inferior to the diaphragm, upper right quadrant, displaces the diaphragm and right lung upwards; covered with visceral peritoneum
liver
the liver is separated by this ligament: ____________
falciform ligament
