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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 26 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Bucco-

A

Cheek

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2
Q

Celi- or celio- or laparo-

A

Abdomen

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3
Q

Colo- or Colon-

A

Colon

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4
Q

Denti-

A

Teeth

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5
Q

Duodeno-

A

Duodenum - first part of small intestine

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6
Q

-emesis

A

Vomiting

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7
Q

Entero-

A

Small intestine

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8
Q

Esophago-

A

Esophagus

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9
Q

Gastro-

A

Stomach

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10
Q

Gingiva

A

Gums

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11
Q

Glosso- and linguo-

A

Tongue

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12
Q

Bili- or chloe-

A

Bile

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13
Q

Hepato-

A

Liver

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14
Q

Litho-

A

Stone

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15
Q

Pancreato-

A

Pancreas

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16
Q

Peritoneo-

A

Peritoneum (abdominal pelvic cavity)

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17
Q

Phago-

A

Eat or swallow

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18
Q

Procto-

A

Rectum

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19
Q

Pyloro-

A

Pylorus, gatekeeper

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20
Q

______________ is inflammation of the appendix usually do to an infection following a blockage of the opening; blockage could be due to impacted fecal matter or inflammation of lymphatic tissue in the wall.

A

Appedicitis

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21
Q

___________ is a sign of end staged liver disease characterized by destruction of hepatocytes and replacement with scar tissue in the liver; causes include alcoholism and viral hepatitis; advance stage symptoms include jaundice, mm wasting, ascities, vomiting blood and metal and personality changes

A

Cirrhosis

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22
Q

____________ is malignant tumours of the colon or rectum which can block the bowel and or metastasize to other organs including the liver; symptoms include blood in the stool, iron deficiency anemia, unexplained weightless, extreme changes in bowel habits

A

colorectal cancer

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23
Q

___________ is caused by acids in the mouth de-mineralizing the enamel of teeth; acid sources include soda pop, frequent vomiting and bacterial fermentation of foods stuck on teeth

A

dental caries

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24
Q

___________ are crystals of cholesterol and/or bile pigments that form in the gallbladder up to the size of a gold ball; pain referred to upper right quadrant, between the shoulder blades and tip of the right shoulder; if the gallstones block the bile duct it can lead to pancreatitis and jaundice

A

gallstones

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25
Q

____________ is weak or impaired lower esophageal sphincter which permits the chronic splashing of stomach acid onto the unprotected esophageal mucosa; persistent heart burn causes structural changes to the epithelial cells which could lead to cancer

A

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

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26
Q

____________ is inflammation of the liver usually due to viral infection (______ A, B, or C); all types of _________ produce the same symptoms with variable severity: jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea

A

hepatitis

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27
Q

___________ is symptom of liver dysfunction; excess bilirubin in the blood which is then stored in fatty tissue and sclera of eyes (gives eyes a yellowish colour)

A

jaunduce

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28
Q

________ are a round oval sore where the lining of the stomach or duodenum has been eroded by stomach acid; due to: helicobacter pylori bacteria, heavy secretion of stomach acid, certain drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofin, and cancer

A

peptic ulcers

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29
Q

_________ is inflammation and degeneration of gums, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum; welling and bleeding of gums can lead to reabsorption of bone, loosening of teeth and receding gums; due to poor oral hygiene, smoking or poor bite

A

periodontal disease

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30
Q

__________ is when the mucosal layer of the colon becomes inflame and exhibits ulcers (IBD - inflammatory bowel disease); may be due to an overactive immune system response to a pathogen, maybe even autoimmunity (genetic)

A

ulcerative colitis (Autoimmune - Colon)

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31
Q

__________ is a form of IBD; can occur anywhere in the digestive tract and often spreads deeply into the affected tissues

A

Chrohn’s Disease (Autoimmune - Mouth to Anus)

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32
Q

__________ is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten; immune reaction to gluten protein in the small intestine; damage to the inner surface of the small intestine can lead to an inability to absorb nurients

A

Celiac Disease

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33
Q

the digestive system is composed of? _____1___ & ____2____

A

1) gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus)
2) accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

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34
Q

What are the steps in processing food?

A

ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, defecation

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35
Q

______ is taking in food and liquids through mouth

A

ingestion

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36
Q

______ is production and release of water, acid, buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract

A

secretion

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37
Q

___________ is alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth mm (segmentation contractions) in wall of GI tract mixes the food with the juices and moves it along

A

mixing and propulsion

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38
Q

_________ is the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to be taken into cells of the body

A

digestion

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39
Q

__________ is mechanically breaking down large pieces of food into small pieces with greater surface area so that enzymes can work more efficiently

A

mechanical digestion

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40
Q

___________ is digestive enzymes hydrolyse large polymers such as starch into glucose and triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

A

chemical digestion

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41
Q

_________ is the passage of small molecules through the plasma membranes of epithelial cells lining the stomach and intestines to the blood and lymph

A

absorption

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42
Q

_________ is elimination of deces from the GI tract

A

defecation

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43
Q

____ include indigestible substances, lots of bacteria, epithelial cells sloughed off the lining of the GI tract and digested material that was not absorbed

A

feces

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44
Q

What are the four main tissue layers of the gut wall? (called tunics- from inside to outside)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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45
Q

The ___________ covers organs in the abdominal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum

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46
Q

The __________ lines the abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

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47
Q

the peritoneal cavity is filled with _________

A

serious fluid

48
Q

accumulation of fluid during infection (as such with peritonitis) is called _______

A

ascites

49
Q

organs that lie in the posterior body wall and covered by parietal peritoneum on their anterior surface only are referred to as ____________ (ie. kidneys, adrenal glands, ascending and descending colons)

A

retroperitoneal

50
Q

the peritoneum forms folds which connect the visceral peritoneum to the parietal peritoneum thus _______________

A

anchoring the organs

51
Q

__________ which binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

52
Q

________ which binds the large intestine to the posterior body wall

A

mesocolon

53
Q

___________ attaches liver to the abdominal wall and diaphram

A

falciform ligament

54
Q

_________ attaches stomach and duodenum to liver

A

lesser omentum

55
Q

__________ largest, with fat deposits and lymph nodes and connects the stomach, small intestine and turns upwards to attach to the transverse colon

A

greater omentum

56
Q

the mouth is aka _1__ or __2__ cavity that is completely lined with non-keritinized stratified, squamous epithelium (mucous membrane)

A

1) oral

2) buccal

57
Q

lips or _____ are the “fleshy boarders” surrounding the opening of the mouth

A

labia

58
Q

_______ of the mouth extends from the cheeks and lips to the gums and teeth

A

vestibule

59
Q

______1______ is the internal space bewteen the gums and teeth which extends to the posterior ____2____ or passageway to the oropharynx

A

1) oral cavity proper

2) fauces

60
Q

_______ or anterior portion of the roof of the mouth is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones of the skull

A

hard palate

61
Q

________ or posterior portion of the roof of the mouth is a muscular partition between the oropharynx and the superior nasopharynx

A

soft palate

62
Q

the muscular _______ and its associated mm comprise the floor of the oral cavity

A

tongue

63
Q

the _________ is the fold on the underside of the tongue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits posterior movement of the tongue

A

lingual frenulum

64
Q

the upper surface is covered with tiny projections called ________ which contain taste receptors

A

papillae

65
Q

__________ is the secretion of saliva

A

salivation

66
Q

salivary glands are accessory structures; they are exocrine glands that continually secrete saliva composed of mostly water with some ions, digestive enzymes and _______ which kills some bacteria

A

lysozyme

67
Q

List four functions of saliva:

A

1) to keep the mucous membranes lining the anterior portion of the digestive tract moist
2) lubricates the food
3) begin digestion
4) kills bacteria as a first line of defence

68
Q

_________ starts the breakdown of starch into disaccharides

A

salivary amylase

69
Q

_________ breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids

A

lingual lipase

70
Q

list three pairs of salivary glands:

A

1) parotid glands
2) submandibular glands
3) sublingual glands

71
Q

________ are due to a viral infection of parotid glands which cause them to swell; leads to fever and extreme pain of the throat; MMR vaccine prevents the _______

A

mumps

72
Q

teeth are located in _______ of the upper maxillae and lower mandible (jaws)

A

sockets

73
Q

the gums or ________ cover the bones and extend slightly into the sockets

A

gingivae

74
Q

teeth are anchored into the sockets by the ______________ which also act as a shock absorber

A

periodontal ligaments

75
Q

_____ is the exposed portion of a tooth

A

crown

76
Q

below the gum level are the ______

A

roots

77
Q

______ is the junction of the two (crown and roots) at the gum line

A

neck

78
Q

the outermost layer of the exposed crown of the teeth is the hard ______ which protects the underlying layers from acids and wear and tear

A

enamel

79
Q

the outermost portion of the root is the _________

A

cementum

80
Q

teeth are composed of mainly _____; calcified connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves

A

dentin

81
Q

where dentin extends into the roots of the tooth it is called the ________

A

root canal

82
Q

_________ is a funnel shaped tube extending from the back of the nasal passages and mouth down to the superior portion of the larynx (voice box)

A

pharynx (throat)

83
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A
  1. nasopharynx (respiration)
  2. oropharynx (digestion and respiration)
  3. laryngopharynx (digestion and respiration)
84
Q

the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are involved in ________ or swallowing*****

A

deglutition*****

85
Q

__________ is a muscular, collapsible tube found posterior to the trachea; functions in the passage of food to the stomach and only secretes mucus, no digestive enzymes

A

esophagus

86
Q

the esophagus passes though a hole in the diaphragm called the _______________

A

esophageal hiatus

87
Q

heartburn or _________________ is the result from a faulty lower esophageal sphincter, allowing passages of stomach acids up into the esophagus causing a buying sensation

A

GERD (astroesophageal reflux disease)

88
Q

the _________ is a j-shaped organ situated under the diaphragm mainly in the epigastric region of the abdominal cavity (upper left quadrant); it is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion

A

stomach

89
Q

the stomach is divided into four main regions: ____1__: superior region, junction with esophagus; ____2__: bulging region to the left and superior to the cardia; ___3___ main part of the stomach; __4___: inferior region which joins the duodenum of the small intestine

A

1) cardia
2) fundus
3) body
4) pylorus

90
Q

_________ is the major site of chemical digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

91
Q

_________ occurs (in small intestine) to mix the chyme with digestive juices and bring the food into contact with the absorptive epithelial lining

A

peristalsis

92
Q

the small intestine is divided into three regions: _____1___: is the shortest part from the pyloric sphincter of stomach extending about 10 inches; _____2____: middle part about 8 feet long; ___3___: final region about 12 feet long

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

93
Q

the ileum joins the large intestine at the site of the __________

A

ileosecal sphincter

94
Q

circular folds or ____________ permanent ridges of the mucosa from the duodenum to the middle of the ileum which slow down the movement of chyme through the intestine

A

plicae circulares

95
Q

_____ are visible folds of the mucosa which increase the surface area of the epithelium

A

villi

96
Q

________ or brush border: microscopic finger like projects of the cell membrane of columnar epithelial cells, increases the surface area od the individual cells lining the lumen

A

microvilli

97
Q

__________ is a minor site of mechanical and chemical digestion; the chemical digestion does not occur through secreted enzymes, but by bacterial action; shorter than the small intestine - extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus or distal opening of the digestive tract

A

large intestine

98
Q

what are the four regions of the large intestine?

A

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

99
Q

_________ is blind-ended pouch which hangs below the ileocecal sphincter

A

cecum

100
Q

in humans there is a twisted blind-ended tube off the sedum call the _____________; because of the small diameter of the appendix, and its lumen can be easily blocked leading to infraction and appendicitis

A

vermiform appendix

101
Q

a ruptured appendix can lead to __________ or inflammation of the peritoneum due to bacteria

A

peritonitis

102
Q

_______ is the open end of the sedum merges with the ascending colon

A

colon

103
Q

the ___________ travels up the right side of the abdomen

A

ascending colon

104
Q

inferior to the liver it turns left travelling horizontally and now called the _____________

A

transverse colon

105
Q

it turns downward to form the _____________ on the left side of the abdominal cavity

A

descending colon

106
Q

the descending colon leads to the ___________ which turns to travel right, to the midline of the body and terminates at the rectum

A

sigmoid colon

107
Q

_______ is the last 8 inches of the gastrointestinal tract; it lies anterior to the vertebral column

A

rectum

108
Q

____1____ is the last inch of the rectum; mucous membrane forms longitudinal folds called _____2______ containing many arteries and veins

A

1) anal canal

2) anal columns

109
Q

_________ are painful, itching, bleeding veins in the rectum which become gorged with blood when under pressure (pregnancy, low fiber diet, straining upon dedication, genetics)

A

hemorrhoids

110
Q

_________ is retroperitoneal, posterior ro the greater curvature of the stomach, 5-6 inches long; has both endocrine and exocrine function

A

pancreas

111
Q

99% of the cells in the pancreas are exocrine in function and produce _____1_______; these exocrine cells are arranged in clusters called ___2___

A

1) pancreatic juice

2) acini

112
Q

pancreatic juice contains:

A

water, sodium bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, trypsin, trypsinogen, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

113
Q

the larger ____1_____ usually joins the _____2_______ from the liver and gallbladder and enters the duodenum as the _____3______

A

1) pancreatic duct
2) common bile duct
3) hepatopancreatic ampulla

114
Q

smaller _________ empties directly from the pancreas into the duodenum 1 inch superior to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

accessory duct

115
Q

_________ is the second largest organ in the body (after skin), largest gland; inferior to the diaphragm, upper right quadrant, displaces the diaphragm and right lung upwards; covered with visceral peritoneum

A

liver

116
Q

the liver is separated by this ligament: ____________

A

falciform ligament

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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