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NS2 Test 2 > Chapter 29 part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of irreversible visual loss in US?

A

AMD (age related macular degeneration)

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2
Q

proptosis

A

eye bulges forward

  • enlargement of lacrimal gland from inflammation or neoplasm–eye inferiorly and medially
  • 2 primary tumors of optic nerve (glioma, meningioma) – axial proptosis (bulges straight forward)
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3
Q

Thyroid Opthalmopathy

A
  • Graves Disease

- Axial proptosis

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4
Q

idiopathic orbital inflammation–may affect?

A
  • lacrimal gland (sclerosing dacryoadenitis)
  • extraocular muscles (orbital myositis)
  • tenon’s capsule, fascial layer that wraps around eye (posterior scleritis)
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5
Q

idiopathic orbital inflammation

A
  • chronic inflammation and fibrosis
  • inflammatory infiltrate
  • vasculitis
  • necrosis
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6
Q

Most frequently encountered primary neoplasms of the orbit are what in origin?

A

vascular

  • capillary hamangioma (infancy)
  • cavernous hemangioma (adults)
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7
Q

chalazion

A

-if drainage system of sebaceous glands is obstructed by chronic inflammation at eyelid margin (blepharitis) or by neoplasm, then lipid may extravasate into surrounding tissue, provoking a granulomatous response–producing a lipogranuloma/chalazion

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8
Q

most common malignancy of the eyelid

A

basal cell carcinoma

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9
Q

conjunctiva divided into zones

A
  • palpebral conjunctiva–lines the eyelid
  • fornix-where lymphoid population is most noticeable
  • bulbar-covers surface of eye
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10
Q

what infection produces significant conjunctival scarring?

A

Chlamydia trachoma’s

-reduction in goblet cells due to scarring-decreased surface mucin-dry eye

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11
Q

pinguecula

A
  • next to the limbus (junction of sclera and cornea)
  • small, yellowish submucosal elevation
  • due to dehydration, a saucer like depression in the corneal tissue may develop–called a delle
  • doesn’t invade the cornea like the pterygium
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12
Q

ptyergium

A
  • next to limbus
  • submucosal growth of fibrovascular CT that migrates into the cornea
  • most are benign
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13
Q

squamous neoplasms and melanocytic neoplasms tend to develop where?

A

at limbus

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14
Q

conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma preceded by?

A

-intraepithelial neoplastic changes

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15
Q

squamous neoplasms and melanocytic neoplasms tend to develop where?

A

at limbus

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16
Q

conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma–preceded by?

A

-intraepith neoplastic changes

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17
Q

squamous papillomas and conjunctival inraepit neoplasia–associated with

A

HPV16 and 18

18
Q

conjunctival nevi

A
  • pigmented lesions–represent melanomas or melanoma precursors
  • in late childhood–can acquire an inflammatory component–inflammed juvenile nevus
19
Q

conjunctival melanomas affect who? develops by?

A
  • unilateral neoplasms
  • affects fair-complexioned patients in middle age
  • develop through a phase of intraepithelial growth-primary acquired melanosis with atypia
20
Q

sclera- consists?

A
  • collagen

- few blood vessels and fibroblasts (wounds/surgical incisions heal poorly)

21
Q

immune complexes depositions in sclera produce what?

A
  • necrotizing scleritis

- seen in rheumatoid arthritis

22
Q

sclera may appear blue in what conditions?

A
  • become thin following scleritis; the normally brown color of the urea may appear blue b/c of optical Tyndall effect
  • sclera thinned in eyes with high intraocular Pressure
  • osteogenesis imperfecta
  • heavily pigmented congenital nevus of underlying urea- congenital melanosis oculi
23
Q

major refractive surface of the eye

A

-cornea and its tear film

24
Q

myopia

A

eye is too long for its refractive power

25
Q

hyperopia

A

-eye that is too short

26
Q

bowman layer

A

-barrier against the penetration of malignant cells from the pith into underlying stroma

27
Q

layers of cornea

A

-endothelium
-descement’s membrane
-stroma
bowman’s layer
epithelium (in to out)

28
Q

corneal stroma lacks?

A

BVs and lymphatics–high rate of success of corneal transplantation!!

29
Q

corneal vascularization due to?

A

-chronic corneal edema, inflammation, scarring

30
Q

keratitis

A

inflammation of the cornea

  • dissolution of corneal storm–caused by action of collegenases in corneal epithelium and stroll fibroblasts
  • exudate and cells leak from iris and ciliary body vessels into anterior chamber–hypophon (visible by penlight)
  • caused by bacterial, fungal, viral infections–cause corneal ulceration
31
Q

corneal degenerations

A

unilateral or bilateral

-typically non familial

32
Q

corneal dystrophies

A

bilateral and hereditary
affect selective corneal layers
Reis-Buckler dystrophy–bowmans layer
-posterior polymorphous dystrophy–affects endothelium

33
Q

2 types of corneal degeneration

A
  • calcified band keratopathy

- actinic band keratopathy

34
Q

calcified band keratopathy

A

-deposition of calcium in bowman layer

35
Q

actinic band keratopathy

A

in patients with chronic exposure to UV light

  • solar elastosis–corneal collagen in interpalpebral fissure
  • sun damaged collagen of cornea–yellow hue–“oil droplet keratopathy”
36
Q

keratoconus–what is it?

A
  • progressive thinning and ectasia of cornea w/o inflammation/vascularization
  • bilateral typically
  • thinning causes a cornea that is conical (not spherical)
  • irregular astigmatism–diff to correct with glasses
  • rigid contact lenses
37
Q

histologic hallmarks of keratoconus

A
  • thinning of cornea and breaks in bowman layer
  • in some patients–descement membrane may rupture–allowing aqueous humor in the anterior chamber to go to corneal storm–corneal hydrous!
  • vision worsens suddenly
38
Q

Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy–what is it?

A
  • loss of nedo cells, resulting in edema, thickening of the storm
  • 1 of the principal indications for corneal transplantation
39
Q

Fuchs Endothelial dystrophy–clinincal–early, later

A
  • early–endothelial cells produce drop like deposits of abnormal basement membrane material (guttata)
  • later–decrease in endo cells–risidual cells are incapable of maintaining stromal dehydration/deturgescence
  • stroma–edema, thickens
  • chronic edema–causes vascularization of storm
  • epith–hydropic change–detachment of epithelium from Bowman layer
40
Q

stromal dystrophies

A
  • stromal deposits generate discrete opacities in the cornea that can compromise vision
  • painful epithelial erosions
  • scarring next to Bowman layer–may cause irregular corneal surface

NS2 Test 2 (16 decks)

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