Chapter 286 COPD

Question 1

_________ is an anatomically defined condition characterized by destruction of the lung alveoli with air space enlargement

Answer 1

EMPHYSEMA

Question 2

_______ clinically defined condition with chronic cough and phlegm

Answer 2

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

Question 3

_________ condition in which small bronchioles are narrowed and reduced in number.

Answer 3

SMALL AIRWAY DISEASE

Question 4

What are the key molecules involved in the protease/antiprotease biological pathway resulting to ECM destruction?

Answer 4

MMP 12

SERPINA1

Neutrophil elastase

Question 5

Oxidant-induced inactivation of HDAC2 (histone deacetylase 2) exposed nuclear factor -kappaB sites which results in trascription of MMP and which proinflammatory cytokines? Ultimately leading to neutrophil recruitment.

Answer 5

IL-8 (Interleukin-8) and TNF alpha

Question 6

Cigarette smoke oxidant-mediated structural cell death occurs via excessive ________production and _____ inhibition of ______.

Answer 6

Excessive CERAMIDE production

Rtp801 inhibition og mammalian target of rapamycin

Question 7

What is the GOLD classification when Spirometry reveals FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1 is 48% of predicted?

Answer 7

GOLD III -Severe

Question 8

Where is the major site of increases resistance in most individuals with COPD?

Answer 8

In airways <=2mm diameter

Question 9

Type of emphysema that is most commonly associated with cigarette smoking. It is most prominent in the upper lobes and superior segments of lower lobes and is often quite focal.

Answer 9

Centrilobular emphysema

Question 10

Type of emphysema that has abnormally large air
spaces evenly distributed within and across acinar units. Those with α1AT deficiency, which has a predilection for the lower lobes.

Answer 10

PANLOBULAR EMPHYSEMA

Question 11

Type of emphysema that is distributed along the pleural margins with relative sparing of the lung core or central regions?

Answer 11

PARASEPTAL EMPHYSEMA

Question 12

Marked decreases in FEV1 of _____ and PaO2 of ________ in COPD can lead to pulmonary hypertension that results to cor pulmonale and right ventricular failure.

Answer 12

FEV1 of <25% og predicted and PaO2 of <55 mmHg

Question 13

Reduction in PaO2 that occurs in COPD can be attributed essentially to _______

Answer 13

Ventilation-Perfusion mismatching

Question 14

Occupational exposures implicated as risk factors for chronic airflow obstruction.

Answer 14

Coal mining

Gold mining

Cotton textile dust

Question 15

What are the three most common symptoms in COPD?

Answer 15

Cough

Sputum Production

Exertional dyspnea

Question 16

Paradoximcal inward movement of the rib cage with inspiration.

Answer 16

Hoover’s sign

Question 17

Examples of LAMA (AGTU)

Answer 17

Aclidinium

Glycopyrrolate

Tiotropium

Umeclidinium

Question 18

Only pharmacologic therapy demonstrated to unequivocally decrease mortality rates in patients with COPD

Answer 18

Supplemental O2