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A&P II > Chapter 28: The Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 28: The Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

gametic cell

A
  • Reproductive/Sex cells

- Each gametic cell has a total number of 23 chromosomes within it’s nucleus.

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2
Q

gametes

A

egg and sperm cells

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3
Q

Haploid number (N or n)

A

Half the total number of chromosomes

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4
Q

somatic cells

A
  • Non-reproductive cells (all the various cells in the body except for the reproductive cells)
  • Each somatic cell has a total number of 46 chromosomes within it’s nucleus.
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5
Q

Diploid number (2N or 2n)

A

Total number of chromosomes

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6
Q

2 Types of Cellular Division:

A
  1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

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7
Q

Mitosis

A
  • cell division that results in the formation of 2 identical cells
  • allows for growth, maintenance and repair of tissues
  • somatic cells undergo this type of division
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8
Q

Meiosis

A
  • cell division that results in the formation of 4 non-identical cells (2 stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
  • allows for the formation of gametes (egg and sperm)
  • also known as gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
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9
Q

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

A

somatic cells

NOTE: Not all somatic cells have the ability to divide (neurons, for example are amitotic)

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10
Q

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

A

only gametic cells undergo meiosis

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11
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

the formation and development of sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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12
Q

Structure of Sperm:

A

consists of head, middle piece and tail

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13
Q

Head of a Sperm

A
  • covered by a cap called the Acrosome
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14
Q

Acrosome

A

stores enzymes needed to penetrate the outer surface of the egg allowing the sperm to penetrate the egg

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15
Q

Middle Piece of a Sperm

A

contains mitochondria for the synthesis of ATP (needed for motility)

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16
Q

Tail of a Sperm

A

only human cell that contain a flagellum which propels the sperm

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17
Q

What are the components of the reproductive system?

A
  1. gonads
  2. accessory ducts
  3. accessory glands and organs
  4. external genitalia
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18
Q

Gonads

A

(Reproductive Organs)
- produces gametes and hormones
Female: Ovaries
Male: Testes

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19
Q

Accessory Ducts

A

receives and transports the gametes

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20
Q

Accessory Glands and Organs

A

secrete fluids into the reproductive accessory ducts or into other excretory ducts

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21
Q

The Accessory Ducts in the Male Reproductive System include:

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
  • Ejaculatory Duct
  • Urethra
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22
Q

The Accessory Glands and Organs in the Male Reproductive System include:

A
  • Seminal Vesicles
  • Prostate Gland
  • Bulbourethral Glands
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23
Q

The External Genitalia in the Male Reproductive System include:

A
  • Penis

- Scrotum

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24
Q

Testes

A
  • paired organs that are the primary sex organ of the male reproductive system
  • each testis has the shape of a flattened egg (roughly 2 inches long and 1 inch thick)
  • the testes hang within the scrotum
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25
Q

Each testis is composed of

A

seminiferous tubules and epididymis

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26
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

site of sperm (spermatozoa) production

27
Q

Seminiferous Tubules contain

A
  • Sperm cells at various stages of meiosis

- Large Sertoli Cells (Sustentacular Cells) that play a key role in spermatogenesis

28
Q

Large Sertoli Cells (Sustentacular Cells)

A
  • produces important proteins (secretion of Inhibin, Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP))
  • promote spermatogenesis when stimulated by FSH
  • surround and envelope the sperm cells as they divide providing nutrients and chemical stimuli that promote their development
29
Q

Epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation, protection and storage

30
Q

Interstitial Cells (Cells of Leydig)

A
  • large cells found in between the seminiferous tubules

- produce Androgens (Testosterone)

31
Q

Spermatozoa travels from the

A

epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

32
Q

What are the three important accessory glands in the male reproductive system?

A
  1. seminal vesicles (2)
  2. prostate gland (1)
  3. bulbourethral glands (2)
33
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A
  • a tubular gland about 6 inches
  • contribute to about 60% of semen volume
  • secretions are slightly alkaline which help to neutralize acidity of the vagina
34
Q

Seminal Vesicle fluids contain

A
  • fructose (a monosaccharide)
  • vitamin C: provides a food source for the spermatozoa and prostaglandins which can stimulate smooth muscle contractions along the male and female reproductive tract
35
Q

Prostate Gland

A
  • a doughnut-shaped gland about 1.6 inches in diameter

- produces prostatic fluid that contributes about 20-30% of semen volume

36
Q

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)

A
  • spherically-shaped glands about 0.5 inches in diameter (about the size of peas)
37
Q

What do bulbourethral glands secrete?

A
  • secrete a thick, alkaline mucus
  • helps neutralize the acidity of urine in the urethra and helps lubricates urethra and the glans penis (tip of the penis)
38
Q

When Seminal Vesicle fluids mix with spermatozoa…

A

they begin beating their flagella (tails) and become highly motile

39
Q

Penis

A
  • a tubular organ

- eliminates urine and introduces semen into the female’s vagina during sexual intercourse

40
Q

Erectile Tissue of the Penis

A
  • composed of 3 cylindrical, separate columns:
    - Corpora Cavernosa (2)
    • Corpus Spongiosum
  • consists of 3-dimentional maze of vascular channels
  • In order to cause erection, constriction has to happen
41
Q

Testosterone

A

most important androgen

42
Q

Semen =

A

spermatozoa + seminal fluid

43
Q

Scrotum

A
  • out pouching of the abdominal wall
  • it is the supporting structure of the testes
  • lies outside the body and suspends the testes:
    • allows the testes to be 3 degrees F below normal body temperature
      • necessary for spermatogenesis and
        hormone production to occur
44
Q

Effect of increased temperature on the testes

A

(like going into a sauna) will cause the cremaster muscle to relax, therefore, the testes will drop or move further away from the body

45
Q

Effect of decreased temperature on the testes

A

(like jumping into a cool pool) or sexual arousal will cause the cremaster muscles to contract, therefore, pulling the testes up

46
Q

Erectile Dysfunction (ED):

A

the inability to achieve or maintain an erection

47
Q

effects of testosterone:

A
  • stimulation of bone and muscle growth
  • establishment and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics (low pitched voice, facial, axillary and pubic hair)
  • maintenance of accessory glands and organs
  • spermatogenesis
48
Q

Peristaltic contractions of the accesory ducts move

A

the spermatozoa along these ducts

49
Q

emission

A
  • point just before ejaculation

- seminal fluid mixes with spermatozoa in the ejaculatory duct and the urethra

50
Q

Can neurons be replaced?

A

since neurons lose their ability to divide, any loss of a neuron is permanent and irreplacable

51
Q

Formation of sperm cells (spermatogenisis)

A
  • begins at the “rims” or the peripheri of the seminfierous tubules and move towards the center
52
Q

Amitotic

A

Inability to divide

53
Q

Trace the path followed by sperm cells from formation to ejaculation.

A 
Remember: SEVEN UP!!
S- Seminiferous tubules
E- Epididymis 
V- Vas deferens
E- Ejaculatory duct
N- NOTHING (just here to help us remember SEVEN UP)
U- Urethra
P- Penis
54
Q

Erection

A
  • when the penis becomes firmer, engorged and enlarged.
  • is the result of a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular and endocrine factors, and is usually, though not exclusively, associated with sexual arousal or sexual attraction
55
Q

Ejaculation

A

The expulsion of seminal fluid from the urethra of the penis during an orgasm

56
Q

Explain how the scrotum and the descent of the testes aid in sperm cell formation.

A
  • The descent of the testes to the scrotum is significant in sperm cell formation because the scrotum can help adjust temperature of the testes and protect them.
  • If the testes have never descended and remained in the abdominal cavity, they would experience pressure changes in the body cavity and have their sperm productivity reduced. ??
57
Q

Describe what occurs during male ejaculation

A
  • Ejaculation occurs as powerful contraction of two muscles.
  • The muscles along sides of the penis contracts to stiffen the penis.
  • The muscle wraps around base of the penis contracts to push toward the urethral opening.
  • The contraction of these two muscles is controlled by neurons in the inferior lumbar and superior sacral segment of the spinal cord.
  • The smooth muscle at prostate also contracts to prevent the passage of urine through the erect penis.
    ??
58
Q

smegma

A

a waxy material produced by glands found in the prepuce

59
Q

LH

A

stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

60
Q

FSH

A

stimulates sertoli cells to secrete inhibin and androgen binding protein

61
Q

Vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis causes

A

more blood flow, therefore causing an erection

62
Q

Erection is due to parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic division

63
Q

Is ejaculation due to parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

sympathetic division

A&P II (9 decks)

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