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A&P II > Chapter 28: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Female Reproductive System

A
  • Produce sex hormones, and gametes
  • Must be able to protect and support a developing embryo
  • Provide nourishment to the newborn infa
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2
Q

List the Structures of the Female Reproductive System

A
  • Gonads: Ovaries
  • Accessory Ducts
  • Accessory Glands and Organs
  • External Genitatlia (Vulva)
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3
Q

The Accessory Ducts of the Female Reproductive System include

A

Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes or Uterine Tubes)

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4
Q

The Accessory Glands and Organs of the Female Reproductive System includes

A
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Greater Vestibular Glands (Bartholin’s Glands)
  • Lesser Vestibular Glands
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5
Q

External Genitalia (Vulva) of the Female Reproductive System includes

A
  • Labia Majora
  • Labia Minora
  • Mons Pubis
  • Clitoris
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6
Q

Ovaries

A
  • paired organs that are the primary sex organ of the female reproductive system
  • small, lumpy, almond-shaped organs about 2 inches in length and 1 inch in width
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7
Q

Function of the Ovaries

A

produce gametes (oocytes) and secrete female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone)

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8
Q

Define oogenesis

A

formation and development of female gametes

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9
Q

graafian follicle

A

a fluid-filled structure in the ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation ??

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10
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • a yellowish body in the ovary formed when a follicle has discharged its secondary oocyte
  • secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin
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11
Q

corpus albicans

A
  • a white fibrous patch in the ovary that forms after the corpus luteum regresses
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12
Q

menarche

A

the first menses (menstrual flow) and beginning of ovarian and uterine cycles

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13
Q

menopause

A

the termination of the menstrual cycles

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14
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Divided into two phases:

  1. Follicular Phase
  2. Luteal Phase
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15
Q

Ovarian Follicle consists of

A

Surrounding cells + Immature egg (oocyte)

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16
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • (pre-ovulatory phase)

- Ovulation: monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary when a follicle ruptures

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17
Q

Luteal Phase

A

(post-ovulatory phase)

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18
Q

At puberty a female has about _________ follicles.

A
  • 300,000 – 400,000

- (only about 400 follicles mature during her reproductive years)

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19
Q

Stages of Folliculogenisis

A

Primordial Follicles -> Primary Follicles -> Secondary Follicle -> Tertiary Follicle -> OVULATION -> Corpus Luteum -> Corpus Albicans (Graafian)

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20
Q

Folliculogenisis

A

the maturation of the ovarian follicle, a densely packed shell of somatic cells that contains an immature oocyte

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21
Q

Oviducts (Uterine Tubes or Fallopian Tubes) Anatomy

A
  • hollow, muscular tube about 5 inches in length
  • lies close to the ovary, but does not attach to it
  • composed of ciliated columnar epithelia
  • has infundibulum and fimbriae
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22
Q

Oviducts (Uterine Tubes or Fallopian Tubes) Function

A
  1. site of fertilization (oocyte + spermatozoa = zygote)
  2. provides a nutrient rich environment (contains lipids and glycogen
  3. transports the oocyte from the oviduct to the cavity of the uterus (takes about 3-6 days)
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23
Q

What propels the oocyte from the oviduct to the cavity of the uterus?

A

beating movement of the cilia and peristaltic contractions of the muscular wall propels the oocyte

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24
Q

infundibulum

A

funnel-shaped opening of the oviducts with fimbriae

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25
Q

fimbriae

A

finger-like projections that surrounds the ovary and has wave like movements to capture the newly ruptured oocyte

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26
Q

Uterus

A
  • a thick-walled, muscular organ about the size of a pear

- site of fertilized egg implantation, the development of the fetus, and where labor begins for delivery of the newborn

27
Q

Exterior Anatomy of the Uterus

A
  • Body of the Uterus (contains the uterine cavity)

- Cervix: cervical canal (internal os and cervical os)

28
Q

Layers of the Uterine Wall

A
  1. endometrium
  2. myometrium
  3. perimetrium
29
Q

Endometrium

A
  • thin, glandular and mucosal layer
  • site of implantation of the embryo
  • thickness changes every 28 days due to the influence of progesterone (except during pregnancy)
30
Q

Myometrium

A
  • thick, stretchable, muscular layer
  • circular, longitudinal and obliquely arranged smooth muscle
  • strong contractions allows the delivery of the baby (stimulated by OXT)
31
Q

Perimetrium

A

• connective tissue layer

32
Q

Embryo

A

(week 1- week 8)

33
Q

Fetus

A

(week 9 to delivery)

34
Q

Function of the Uterus

A

protects, nourishes, and removes wastes for the developing embryo

35
Q

Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)

A
  • A cyclic shedding of the lining of the endometrium

- Averages about 28 days in length, but can range from 21 – 35 days

36
Q

The Endometrium has 2 zones:

A
  1. Functional Zone

2. Basilar Zone

37
Q

Functional Zone

A
  • thicker layer
  • contains most of the uterine glands
  • undergoes cyclic changes in response to progesterone levels
  • layer that is lost resulting in menses (menstruation)
38
Q

Basilar Zone

A
  • anchors the endometrium to the myometrium
  • thickness remains constant (no changes despite levels of progesterone)
  • layer is not lost during menses
39
Q

3 Phases of the Uterine Cycle

A
  1. Menses (Menstrual Phase)
  2. Proliferative Phase
  3. Secretory Phase
40
Q

Menses (Menstrual Phase)

A

Day 1 - 5

  • active shedding of the functional zone of the endometrium
  • low levels of estrogen and progesterone causes the disintegration and the deterioration
  • basilar zone remains unchanged and intact
41
Q

the deterioration of the functional zone is caused by

A

constriction of blood vessels that intertwine and “feed” this layer (causes a lack of blood supply, O2 and nutrients)

42
Q

Proliferative Phase

A

Day 6 - 13

  • in the days after menses, the cells of the basilar zone begin to multiply and spread across the endometrial surface restoring the functional zone
  • by the time of ovulation, the functional zone is several millimeter thick and highly vascularized
  • the endometrial glands are secreting mucus rich with glycogen (a food source for the embryo)
43
Q

The Proliferative Phase is stimulated and sustained by

A

estrogens secreted by the developing ovarian follicles

44
Q

Ovulation is on day

A

14

45
Q

Secretory Phase

A

Day 15 - 28
- begins at the time of ovulation & persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact
- corpus luteum is secreting estrogen and progesterone
- progesterone continues to thicken the endometrium (double or triple in thickness) and maintains its thickness in preparation for the developing embryo
- if no implantation occurs, eventually, the corpus luteum changes to corpus albicans (hormone secretion stops due
to a drop of LH levels)

46
Q

Implantation of the embryo in the endothelial lining signals

A

the beginning of pregnancy

47
Q

Vagina Anatomy

A
  • an elastic, muscular tube with an average length of 3 – 3.5 inches, but is highly distensible, so size varies
48
Q

Function of the Vagina

A
  • it serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
  • it receives the penis during sexual intercourse and holds the spermatozoa just before they enter the cervix
  • forms part of the birth canal, through which the fetus passes during delivery
49
Q

The Vaginal Wall

A
  • contains a network of blood vessels and layers of smooth muscle
  • the lining is moistened by the secretions of the cervical glands and water across the permeable membrane
  • contains a population of bacteria (usually harmless) that creates an acidic environment which restricts the growth of many pathogens, but inhibits the motility of sperm (seminal fluid is alkaline to help neutralize the acidity)
50
Q

Ovulation

A

monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary when a follicle ruptures

51
Q

Describe the location, function, and composition of the human clitoris.

A
  • Location: anterior to the urethral opening
  • Composition: contain erectile tissue that is similar to corpus carvenosa in male, also contains lots of touch and pressure sensitive nerves.
  • Function: partially responsible for sexual pleasurable sensation in female.
    ??
52
Q

Describe the structure and functions of the vulva.

A

o Structure: the area outside of vagina that contains female external reproductive structures.
o Functions: these organs work together to support urination and sexual reproduction.
??

53
Q

Describe the process of Oogenesis

A

..

54
Q

What are the cells and hormones involved in ovulation?

A
  1. GnRH
  2. FSH
  3. LH
  4. Progesterone and Estrogen
55
Q

Describe hormonal regulation in females.

A

..

56
Q

primary oocyte

A

cells developing from oogonia during fetal development that enter meiosis but stop in prophase I ??

57
Q

secondary oocyte

A

large cell developing from uneven division of 1° oocyte cytoplasm just before ovulation - begins 2nd meiotic division but arrests in metaphase II ??

58
Q

polar body

A

Either of two small cells produced during the first and second meiotic divisions in the development of an oocyte, containing little cytoplasm and eventually degenerating ??

59
Q

estrogen is needed for

A
  1. ovulation
  2. lactogenisis
  3. secondary sexual characteristics in females: breast development and hourglass shape
60
Q

FSH

A

stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen

61
Q

LH

A
  • major target organ is corpus luteum

- stimulates it to produce progesterone

62
Q

progesterone is needed to

A

maintain endometrial lining

63
Q

Why is there a sudden spike in LH and FSH on day 14 of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Day 14 is the day of ovulation.
  • Ovulation needs a surge of estrogen for it to occur.
  • As FSH and LH levels rise, so do estrogen levels.
64
Q

ovum

A

fertilized oocyte

A&P II (9 decks)

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