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Biology - Chapter 19-29 > Chapter 28 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The process by which organisms produce offspring by making germ cells (gametes)

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2
Q

What two things come together during fertilization?

A

A male gamete (sperm cell) and a female gamete (secondary oocyte)

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3
Q

What are the names of the gonads in males and females?

What is their function?

A

Testes in males
Ovaries in females
- produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

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4
Q

What is the function of accessory sex glands?

A

Produce substances that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement

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5
Q

What organs are included in the male reproductive system?

A

Testes
System of ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra
Accessory sex glands: seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
Supporting structures: scrotum and penis

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6
Q

What is the scrotum?

What does it consist of?

A

The supporting structure for the testes

  • consists of loose skin
  • hangs from the root of the penis
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7
Q

What is the raphe?

A

Median ridge of the scrotum

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8
Q

What is the scrotal septum?

A

Internally divides the scrotum into two sacs

- each containing a single testis

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9
Q

What is dartos muscle?

A

Muscle tissue in the subcutaneous layer of the scrotum

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10
Q

What is the cremaster muscle?

A

The muscle of the spermatic cord, by which the testicle can be partially raised

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11
Q

What regulates the temperature of the testes?

A

Location of the scrotum and the contraction of its muscle fibres

  • cold temps = cremaster and dartos muscles contract
  • warm temps = cremaster and dartos muscles relax
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12
Q

At what temperature does normal sperm production occur?

A

Requires to be 2-3 degrees cooler than body temperature

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13
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Produce sperm and secrete hormones (testosterone)

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14
Q

What does the tunica vaginalis cover?

A

Partially covers the testes

- forms during the descent of the testes

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15
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

White fibrous capsule that covers the testes

  • composed of dense irregular connective tissue
  • extends inward
  • forms the septa that divide the testis into lobules
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16
Q

What are lobules of the testes?

A

Series of internal compartments

- approx 200-300 lobules per testis

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17
Q

What is contained within the lobules of the testes?

A

Contains 1-3 tightly coiled tubules

- seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

What happens inside seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm is produced

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19
Q

What is spermatogensis?

A

Process by which seminiferous tubules produce sperm

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20
Q

What two kinds of cells are found within seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. Spermatogenic cells - sperm-forming cells

2. Sertolic cells - support spermatogensis

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21
Q

What are spermatogonium (spermatogonia)?

A

Stem cells

- a cell produced at an early stage in the formation of spermatozoa

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22
Q

What is a spermatozoon?

A

A sperm cell

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23
Q

What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

Protects the developing sperm cells from an immune response

- the immune system detects surface antigens on sperm as “foreign”

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24
Q

Where are Leydig (insterstitial) cells located and what do they do?

A

Located between adjacent seminiferous tubules

- secrete testosterone

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25
Q

What is an androgen?

A

A hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics (testosterone is an androgen)

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26
Q

How many days does spermatogensis take?

A

65-75 days

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27
Q

What do spermatogonia differentiate into?

A 
Primary spermatocytes (diploid, 2n)
- they still have 46 chromosomes
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28
Q

What happens to a primary spermatocyte after it forms?

A

It undergoes meiosis I
- forms secondary spermatocytes (haploid, n)
(only has 23 chromosomes)

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29
Q

What happens to secondary spermatocytes after they form?

A

Ungergoes meiosis II

- results in 4 HAPLOID cells called spermatids

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30
Q

How many spermatids will a SINGLE primary spermatocyte produce?

A

4

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31
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Development of haploid spermatids into sperm

  • each spermatid becomes a single sperm
  • spherical spermatids transform into elongated, slender sperm
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32
Q

What are the main parts of a sperm cell?

A

Head - contains the nucleus (23 chromosomes)

Tail (neck, middle piece, principal piece, end piece)

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33
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

A cap-like vesicle covering the front 2/3 of the nucleus

- filled with enzymes that help a sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization

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34
Q

What does the middle piece of a sperm tail contain?

A

Mitochondria

- provide energy for locomotion and for sperm metabolism

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35
Q

What is the function of GnRH in relation to the male reproductive system?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

- stimulates the secretion of two gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone)

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36
Q

What effect does LH (luteinizing hormone) have on the male reproductive system?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells (located between seminiferous tubules) to secrete testosterone
- through negative feedback, testosterone suppresses the secretion of LH

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37
Q

What effect does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) have on the male reproductive system?

A

Indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis

- FSH and testosterone act synergistically on the sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein (ABP)

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38
Q

What does ABP do? (androgen-binding protein)

A

Binds to testosterone

- keeping its concentration high

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39
Q

What does testosterone do in spermatogenesis?

A

Finalizes the final steps

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40
Q

How does inhibin come into play with regards to the male reproductive system?

A

Sertoli cells release inhibin

  • inhibits the release of FSH
  • if spermatogenesis is proceeding too slowly, less inhibin is released which allows more FSH secretion
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41
Q

What are the effects of androgens?

A
  • prenatal development
  • development of male sexual characteristics
  • development of sexual function
  • stimulation of anabolism
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42
Q

How do sperm move along the lumen of the semiiniferous tubules and then into the straight tubules?

A

By pressure generated by the fluid secreted by sertoli cells

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43
Q

After leaving the seminiferous tubules, where do the sperm go to next? (until they reach the ductus epididymis)

A

Seminiferous tubules –> Straight tubules –> Rete testis –> Efferent ducts –> Ductus Epididymis

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44
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Site of sperm maturation

  • takes about 14 days
  • also helps to propel sperm into ductus (vas) deferens during sexual arousal
  • stores sperm
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45
Q

What happens to sperm during sperm maturation?

A

Process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum

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46
Q

What is the ductus deferens (vas deferens)?

A

The duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra

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47
Q

What is the function of the spermatic cord?

A

Supporting structure that ascends out of the scrotum
- consists of ductus (vas) deferens, testicular artery, veins that drains the testes, autonomic nerves, lymphathic vessels and the cremaster muscle

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48
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

Formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens

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49
Q

What does the urethra serve as a passage way for?

A

Urine and semen

- subdivided into three parts.

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50
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra - passes through the prostrate
  2. Membranous urethra - passes through the corpus spongiosum of the penis
  3. Spongy (penial) urethra
    - ends at the external urethral orifice
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51
Q

What do the accessory sex glands include?

A

Seminal vesicles, the prostrate, and the bulbourethral glands

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52
Q

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

A

Secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostagladins and clotting proteins.

  • neurtalize acidic environments (female tract and male urethra)
  • fructose is used for ATP production
  • prostaglandins contribute to sperm motility and viability
  • clotting proteins help semen coagulate after ejaculation
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53
Q

What does the prostrate secrete?

A

A milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid (used for ATP), proteolytic enyzmes (break down the clotting proteins from seminal vesicles), acid phosphate (unknown function) and seminalplasmin (antibiotic, destroys bacteria).

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54
Q

What do the Cowper’s glands secrete? (bulbourethral glands)

A

Secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra that protects the passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra.
- also secrete a mucus that lubricates the end of the penis, decreasing the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation

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55
Q

What is semen?

A

Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

- secretion from seminal vesicles, prostate, Cowper’s glands

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56
Q

Is semen slightly acidic or basic? Why?

A

BASIC!

- counteracts the acidity of the female tract and the male urethra

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57
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Passageway for the ejaculation of semen and the excretion of urine

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58
Q

What three cylindrical masses of tissue that make up the penis?

A
  1. Corpora cavernosa penis (x2)

2. Corpus spongiosum penis - keeps it open during ejaculation

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59
Q

What is erectile tissue composed of?

A

Numerous blood sinuses, lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

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60
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

The distal end of the penis

- slightly enlarged

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61
Q

What is the external urethral orifice?

A

The terminal slit-like opening of the urethra

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62
Q

What is prepuce or foreskin?

A

Loose fitting skin covering the glans penis

- uncircumcised

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63
Q

What is an erection?

A

The enlargement and stiffening of the penis

  • parasympathetic fibers produce and release NO (vasodilator)
  • allows blood vessels to dilate
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64
Q

What helps maintain an erection?

A

The expansion of the blood sinuses compress the veins that drains the penis
- slowing blood outflow

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65
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

The powerful release of semen from the urethra to the exterior

  • sympathetic reflex
  • urinary bladder sphincter closes (no pee!)
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66
Q

What is emission?

A

The discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculation

- may also occur during sleep

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67
Q

How does a penis return to the flaccid state?

A

Arterioles supplying the erectile tissue of the penis constrict and the smooth muscle contracts, making blood sinuses smaller
- relieves pressure on the veins, allows them to drain

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68
Q

What are the organs of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, uterine (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, external organs

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69
Q

What are the ovaries?

What do they produce?

A

The female gonads

  • produce gametes
  • produce hormones
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70
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

A whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue located immediately deep to the germinal epithelium

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71
Q

What do ovarian follicles consist of?

A

Oocytes (in various stages of development) and the cells surrounding them

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72
Q

What are follicular cells?

What is their function?

A 
Surrounding cells (in a single layer) in the ovarian follicles
- nourish the developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger
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73
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

Follicular cells that have developed further

- form several layers

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74
Q

What is a mature (graafian) follicle?

A

A large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte
- process known as ovulation

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75
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Process whereby a mature ovarian follicle (part of the ovary) discharges an egg (also known as an ovum, oocyte, or female gamete)

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76
Q

What does the corpus luteum contain?

What doe it produce?

A

Contains the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation

- produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin

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77
Q

What is corpus albicans?

A

Fibrous scar tissue leftover from the corpus luteum

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78
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation of gametes in the ovaries

- begins in females before they are born

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79
Q

What are oogonia (oogonium)?

A

Diploid (2n) stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells
- during FETAL development

80
Q

What is atresia?

A

Process whereby most the germ cells (oogonia) degenerate

- only a FEW develop into primary ooctyes

81
Q

What happens to primary oocytes during fetal development?

A

Primary oocytes enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete the phase until after puberty

82
Q

What surround primary oocytes during fetal development?

A

Primordial follicle

- single layer of flat follicular cells

83
Q

What is the ratio of germ cells, to primary oocytes, to primary oocytes present at puberty, to the number that will mature and ovulate?

A

Germ cells - Millions!
Primary oocytes - 200,000 - 2,000,000
At puberty - 40,000
Mature and ovulate = ONLY approx. 400

84
Q

What does a primary follicle consist of?

A

Primary oocyte surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells (cubodial cellss)
- in a later stage of development

85
Q

As a primary follicle grows, what does it form between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells?

A

Zona pellucida

- a clear glycoprotein layer

86
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Innermost layer of the cumulus oophorus

  • directly adjacent to the zona pellucida,
  • main purpose is to supply vital proteins to the cell
87
Q

What does the primary follicle develop into?

A

Secondary follicle

88
Q

What does the secondary follicle develop into?

A

Mature (graafian) follicle

  • produces two haploid (n) cells of UNEQUAL size
  • each with 23 chromosomes
89
Q

What is the first polar body?

A

Smaller cell produced by meiosis I

- essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material

90
Q

What is the secondary oocyte?

A

An oocyte in which the first meiotic division is completed

- the second meiotic division usually stops short of completion unless fertilization occurs

91
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization occurs?

A

Splits into two haploid cells again

  • of UNEQUAL size (again!)
  • larger is the OVUM (mature egg) and the smaller one is the second polar body
92
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell (2n) resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes
- a fertilized ovum

93
Q

What is the function of the uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts?

A

Provide a route for sperm to reach an ovum and transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus

94
Q

What is the infundibulum of the female reproductive tract?

A

Funnel-shaped portion of each fallopian tube

- close to the ovary but is open to the pelvic cavity

95
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Finger-like projections at the fringe of the infundibulum

- one is attached to the uterus

96
Q

What is the ampulla of the female reproductive tract?

A

The widest, longest portion of the uterine tube

97
Q

What is the isthmus of the female reproductive tract?

A

Short, narrow, thick-walled portion of the uterine tube that joins to the uterus

98
Q

How long after ovulation can fertilization occur?

A

Up to 24 hours

99
Q

How long does it take the zygote to reach the uterus after fertilization?

A

6-7 days

100
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Serves as a pathway for sperm (deposited in vagine) to reach the uterine tubes

  • also the site of implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of fetus
  • source of menstrual flow
101
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the uterus?

A
  1. Fundus - dome-shaped portion superior to uterine tubes
  2. Body - tapering central portion
  3. Cervix - inferior narrow portion (opens to vagina)
102
Q

What is the uterine cavity?

A

The interior of the body of the uterus

103
Q

What is the cervical canal?

A

Interior of the cervix

104
Q

What is anteflexion?

A

Position of the body of the uterus

- projects anteriorly and superiorly over the urinary bladder

105
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Perimetrium - outer layer
  2. Myometrium - middle layer
  3. Endometrium - inner layer
106
Q

The endometrium of the uterus is divided into which two layers?

A
  1. Stratum functionalis - lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation
  2. Stratum basalis - permanent layer, gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
107
Q

What do the uterine arteries supply?

A

Supply blood to the uterus

108
Q

What do straight arterioles supply?

A

Supply the stratum basalis with materials needed for regeneration of the stratum functionalis

109
Q

What do spiral arterioles supply?

A

Supply the stratum functionalis

- change during menstruation

110
Q

What do the secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix produce?

A

Cervical mucus

- mixture of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts

111
Q

Where does the vagina extend to and from?

A

Extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix

112
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A
  • Receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse
  • Outlet for menstrual flow
  • Passageway for childbirth
113
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix

114
Q

What is the function of cervical mucus?

A
  • supplements the energy needs of sperm
  • protects sperm from phagocytes
  • plays a role in capacitation
115
Q

Where does the mucosa of the vagina lie in?

A

Lies in a series of transverse folds called RUGAE

- mucosa contain large stores of glycogen, results in acidic environment

116
Q

What does the muscularis layer of the vagina allow it to do?

A

STRETCH!

  • stretch to accommodate the penis
  • stretch during childbirth
117
Q

What is the hymen?

A

Thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane

- partially closes the inferior end of the vaginal opening to the exterior

118
Q

What makes up the vulva or pudendum?

A

The external genitals of the female

119
Q

What are the components of the vulva?

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
  • vestibule
  • bulb of the vestibule
120
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

Elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair
- cushions the pubic symphysis

121
Q

What are the labia majora?

A

Two longitudinal folds of skin

- contains adipose tissues, sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous glands (sweat)

122
Q

What are the labia minora?

A

Two smaller folds of skin

  • devoid of pubic hair and fat
  • few sudoriferous glands
  • many sebaceous glands
123
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

Small, cylindrical mass

- located in the anterior junction of the labia MINORA

124
Q

What is the prepuce of the clitoris?

A

The point where the labia minora unite and cover the body of the clitoris

125
Q

What is the vaginal orifice?

A

The opening of the vagina to the exterior

- bordered by the hymen

126
Q

What is the external urethral orifice?

A

The opening of the urethra to the exterior

127
Q

What do the greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands produce?

A

Produce a small quantity of mucus during sexual arousal and intercourse
- provides lubrication

128
Q

What happens to the bulb of the vestibule during intercourse?

A

Becomes engorged with blood

- narrows vaginal orifice and places pressure on the penis

129
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva

- contains external genitals and anus

130
Q

What is the pigmented projection on each breast called?

A

A nipple

131
Q

What do nipples contain?

A

Lactiferous ducts

- where milk emerges

132
Q

What is the areola of the breast?

A

Circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple

- appears rough b/c it contains modified sebaceous (oil) glands

133
Q

What is a mammary gland?

A 
Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk
- consists of 15-20 lobes
134
Q

What are the lobules of the breast?

A

Each lobe (15-20 per mammary gland) contains several smaller components called lobules

135
Q

What are lobules composed of?

A

Grape-like clusters of milk-secreting glands called alveoli

136
Q

What helps alveoli propel milk toward the nipples?

A

Contraction of myoepithelial cells

- surround the alveoli

137
Q

Where does milk go after it leave the alveoli?

A

Secondary tubules –> mammary ducts –> lactiferous sinuses (where some milk is stored before draining into lactiferous duct)

138
Q

What is lactation?

A

Synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk

139
Q

What is milk production stimulated by?

A

Prolactin (anterior pituitary)

- ejection of milk is stimulated by oxytocin

140
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

Series of events in the ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of an oocyte

141
Q

What is the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

A

Concurrent series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus

  • prepares it for the arrival of a fertilized ovum that will develop there until birth
  • if fertilization does not occur, ovarian hormones wane, which causes the stratum functionalis of the endometrium to slough off
142
Q

What is the hormone that controls the ovarian and uterine cycles?
Where is it secreted?

A

GnRH

  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • secreted by hypothalamus
143
Q

What does GnRH stimulate the release of?

female reproduction

A

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone, initiates follicular growth
LH - luteinizing hormone. stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles

144
Q

What are the main functions of estrogens?

A
  • promote development of reproductive structures, secondary sex, breasts
  • increase protein anabolism
  • lowers blood cholesterol
  • inhibit release of GnRH, FSH and LH
145
Q

What are the main function of progesterone?

A
  • prepares and maintains endometrium for implantation
  • prepares mammary glands for milk secretion
  • inhibit secreteion of GnRH and LH
146
Q

What are the functions of relaxin?

A
  • relaxes the uterus
  • inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle
  • during labor, increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix
147
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

Inhibits the secretion of FSH

  • and to a lesser extent, LH
  • secreted by corpus luteum
148
Q

What is the duration of the female reproductive cycle?

A

24-36 days

149
Q

What are the four phases of the female reproductive cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual phase
  2. Pre-ovulatory phase
  3. Ovulation
  4. Post-ovulatory phase
150
Q

What events happen in the ovaries during the menstrual phase?

A

Several primordial follicles develop into primary follicles, then into secondary follicles

  • make take several months to occur
  • a follicle that begins to develoip at the beginning of a particular menstrual cycle may not reach maturity and ovulate until several cycles later!
151
Q

What events happen in the uterus during the menstrual phase?

A

Menstrual flow discharges (from uterine cavity –> cervix –> vagina

  • occurs due to declining levels of progesterone and estrogens
  • entire stratum functionalis sloughs off
152
Q

When does the menstrual phase occur?

A

First 5 days of the cycle

153
Q

When does the pre-ovulatory phase occur?

A

Between the end of menstruation and ovulation

- lasts from 6-13 days (in a 28 day cycle)

154
Q

What events happen in the ovaries of the pre-ovulatory phase?

A
  • secondary follicles begins to secrete estrogens and inhibin
  • dominant follicle emerges
  • mature (graffian) follicle continues to grow
155
Q

What is the dominant follicle?

A

A single secondary follicle outgrows all the others

- decreases secretion of FSH, which causes the smaller follicles to stop growing

156
Q

What is the mature (graafian) follicle?

A

One dominant secondary follicle continues to enlarge until it is ready for ovulation

157
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

The combination of the menstrual and pre-ovulatory phases

158
Q

What events happen in the uterus of the pre-ovulatory phase?

A
  • estrogens stimulate the repair of the endometrium
  • produce a new stratum functionalis
  • also known as proliferative phase
159
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

The rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
- usually occurs on day 14

160
Q

Describe the feedback system during the last part of the pre-ovulatory phase with HIGH levels of estrogens.

A
  1. High levels of estrogens stimulates more frequent release of GnRH
    - also stimulates secretion of LH
  2. GnRH promotes release of FSH and additional LH
  3. LH causes the rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and expulsion of a secondary oocyte
    - about 9 hours after peak of LH surge
161
Q

When does the post-ovulatory phase occur?

A

Between ovulation and onset of the next menses

  • lasts for 14 days
  • from day 15-28
162
Q

What events happen in the ovary during the post-ovulatory phase?

A
  • after ovulation, mature follicle collapses
  • if the oocyte is NOT fertilized, the corpus luteum has a lifespan of 2 weeks (new ovarian cycle begins)
  • if the oocyte IS fertilized, and begins to divide, the corpus luteum persists past its 2 week lifespan
163
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

The lining of your uterus normally becomes thicker to prepare for a possible pregnancy

164
Q

What effect does the human chorionic gonadotropin have on the corpus luteum?

A

If an oocyte is fertilized, hCG prevents the corpus luteum from degeneration
- detected in home pregnancy tests

165
Q

What events happen in the uterus during the post-ovulatory phase?

A
  • thickening of the endometrium
  • also called the secretory phase
  • prepares for the possible arrival of a fertilized ovum
  • if fertilization does not occur, levels of progesterone and estrogens decline - withdrawal causes menstration
166
Q

What does birth control refer to?

A

Control fertility and prevent conception

167
Q

What is complete abstinence?

A

Avoidance of sexual intercourse

168
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

A portion of each ductus deferens is removed

  • sperm can no longer reach the exterior
  • does not effect sexual desire or performance
169
Q

What is a tubal ligation?

A

Both uterine tubes are tied closed and then cut

  • secondary oocyte cannot pass through the uterine tubes
  • sperm cannot reach the oocyte
170
Q

What is the function of oral contraceptives?

A

Hormones designed to prevent pregnancy

  • most effective means of birth control
  • inhibits ovulation by suppressing the FSH and LH
171
Q

What are the variations of oral contraceptives?

A
  1. Combined pill: progestin and estrogens (3 weeks on, 1 week off)
  2. Seasonal: progestins and estrogens (12 weeks on, 1 week off)
  3. Minipill: progestin only, taken every day
172
Q

What are some examples of non-oral hormonal methods of contraception?

A
  • skin patch
  • nuvaring (vaginal contraceptive ring)
  • morning after pill (emergency contraception)
  • hormone injections
173
Q

What is an IUD?

A

Intrauterine device

  • small object inserted into the cavity of the uterus
  • prevents fertilization from taking place by blocking sperm
174
Q

What are spermicides?

A

Various foams, creams, jellies, suppositories and douches that contain sperm-killing agents

  • make vagina and cervix unfavorable for sperm survival
  • more effective when used with a barrier method
175
Q

What is the barrier method of contraception?

A

The use of a physical barrier

  • designed to prevent sperm from gaining access to the uterine cavity and uterine tubes
  • condom
  • protection against STDs
176
Q

What is a male condom?

A

Nonporous, latex covering plaved over the penis that prevents deposition of sperm in the female reproductive tract

177
Q

What is a diaphragm? (female condom)

A

Rubber, dome-shaped structure that fits over the cervix

  • stops most sperm from entering the cervix
  • used with spermicide
178
Q

What is the rhythm method?

A

Abstaining from sexual activity on the days that ovulation is likely to occur in each reproductive cycle
- 3 days before ovulation, day of ovulation and 3 days after ovulation

179
Q

What is an abortion?

A

Premature expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus

  • before the 12th week of pregnancy
  • may be spontaneous (naturally occurring, miscarriage) or induced (intentional)
180
Q

What is testicular cancer?

A

Most common cancer in males (20-35)

- common sign is a mass in the testes

181
Q

What is erectile dysfunction (ED)?

A

Consistent inability of an adult male to ejaculate or to attain or hold an erection long enough for sexual intercourse

182
Q

What is pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)?

A

Cyclical disorder of severe physical and emtional distress

- appears during post-ovulatory phase

183
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

The growth of endo metrial tissue outside the uterus

184
Q

What is breast cancer?

A

1 in 8 women face the prospect of breast cancer

- second leading cause of death in women from cancer

185
Q

Why is ovarian cancer so dangerous?

A

Has no symptoms that can be detected early

186
Q

How can cervical cancer be detected?

A

By regular PAP smears

187
Q

What is vulvovaginal candidiasis?

A

Yeast-like fungus

  • characterized by severe itching, thick, yellow, cheesy discharge
  • yeasty odor and pain
188
Q

What is an STD?

A

Sexually transmitted disease

- spread by sexual contact

189
Q

What is chlamydia?

A

STD

  • in males: clear, discharge, burning on urination, frequent urination, painful urination
  • in females: can lead to infertility due to the formation of scar tissue in the tubes
190
Q

What is gonorrhea?

A

STD

  • males: profuse pus drainage and painful urination
  • females: discharge of pus
191
Q

What is syphilis?

A

STD

  • painless open sore (chancre)
  • skin rash, fever and aches in joints and muscles
  • neurosyphilis (tertiary stage)
192
Q

What is gential herpes?

A

STD

- painful blisters that disappear and reappear but the virus remains

193
Q

What is endocervical curettage?

A

A procedure:

Cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette

194
Q

What is an ovarian cyst?

A

Most common form of ovarian tumor

- fluid-filled follicle or corpus luteum persists and continues growing

195
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

A

Bacterial infection of the pelvic organs

- lower back pain, abdominal pain, urethritis

196
Q

What is smegma?

A

Secretion found chiefly around the external genitals

- and under the foreskin in males

Biology - Chapter 19-29 (11 decks)

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