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Biology - Chapter 19-29 > Chapter 23 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx (throat)
  • larynx (voice box)
  • trachea (wind pipe)
  • bronchi and lungs
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2
Q

What are the two structural parts of the respiratory system? (structural classification)

A
  1. Upper respiratory system

2. Lower respiratory system

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3
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures

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4
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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5
Q

What are the two functional parts of the respiratory system? (functional classification)

A
  1. Conducting zone

2. Respiratory zone

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6
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone?

A

Filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs

- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Main site of gas exchange between air and blood

- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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8
Q

How is the nose divided?

A

Into an external portion and an internal portion (nasal cavity)

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9
Q

What are external nares?

nostrils

A

Two openings on the undersurface of the external nose

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10
Q

What are the three functions of the interior surface of the external nose?

A
  1. Warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air
  2. Detecting olfactory stimuli
  3. Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers
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11
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

Merges with the external nose, and communicates with the pharynx through two openings (internal nares)

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12
Q

What are the internal nares? (choanae)

A

Two openings

  • inside the nasal cavity
  • where nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx
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13
Q

What is the function of the nasal septum?

A

Divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

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14
Q

What are the superior, middle and inferior meatuses?

A

Three nasal passages (openings that open to the outside)

- located beneath each of the corresponding nasal conchae

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15
Q

What are the three functions of the respiratory syste,?

A
  1. Gas exchange
  2. Regulate blood pH
  3. Olfactory, filters, vocal sounds, excretes water and heat
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16
Q

What is the function of the nasal meatus?

A

Increases surface area in the internal nose

- prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation

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17
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

What kinds of cells does it contain?

A

Near the superior nasal conchae

- contains olfactory receptors, supporting cells and basal cells

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18
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The throat

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19
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A
  • passageway for food and air
  • houses tonsils
  • resonating chamber for speech sounds
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20
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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21
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

Superior region of pharynx

- helps to equalize pressure between the pharynx and middle ear

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22
Q

What is the pharyngeal tonsil? (adenoid)

A

Lymphatic tissue

- located in the superior portion of nasopharynx

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23
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

Intermediate portion of pharynx

- respiratory and digestive functions

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24
Q

What is the fauces?

A

Only opening in the oropharynx

- opens to the mouth

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25
Q

What tonsils are located in the oropharynx?

A

Palatine and lingual tonsils

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26
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A

Inferior portion of pharynx

  • opens into esophagus and larynx
  • respiratory and digestive functions
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27
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Voice box

- connects laryngopharynx with the trachea

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28
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)?

A

Two fused plates of hyaline cartilage

  • forms anterior wall of larynx
  • present in males (more pronounced) and females
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29
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage

- it is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe

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30
Q

What does the glottis consist of?

A

True vocal cords and a pair of folds in mucous membrane

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31
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

Landmark for making an emergency airway (tracheotomy)
Ring of hyaline cartilage
- forms the inferior wall of larynx
- attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea

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32
Q

What are the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Forms part of the larynx

  • to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached
  • these allow and aid in the vocal cords’ movement
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33
Q

What are the ventricular folds (false vocal cords)?

A

Superior pair of mucous membrane folds

  • in the larynx
  • do not function in voice production
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34
Q

What are the vocal cords (true vocal cords)?

A

Inferior pair of mucous membrane folds

- in the larynx

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35
Q

What is the function of the ventricular folds (false vocal cords)?

A

Function in holding the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity
- when a person strains to life a heavy object

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36
Q

What are the principal structures of voice production?

A

Vocal cords (true vocal cords)

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37
Q

How do vocal cords produce sound?

A

Air passes through the elastic vocal folds and causes them to vibrate

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38
Q

How it pitch controlled?

A

By the tension of the vocal cords

- higher the tension, higher the pitch

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39
Q

What are the other structures necessary for converting sound into recognizable speech?

A

Pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses

  • all act as resonating chambers
  • muscles of the face, tongue and lips help us enunciate words
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40
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Windpipe

- passageway for air

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41
Q

What are the cartilages shaped like the letter “C”?

A

16-20 incomplete, horizontal rings of cartilage of hyaline cartilage (look like letter “C”)

  • can be felt through the skin inferior to the larynx
  • open part of “C” faces posteriorly, towards the esophagus
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42
Q

What is the function of the “C” shaped cartilages?

A
  • provides semirigid support, to prevent collapsing
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43
Q

What is the passageway that air takes to reach the lungs after the trachea?

A

Trachea –> Primary bronchi –> Secondary bronchi –> Tertiary bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal bronchioles

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44
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Right and left primary bronchus

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45
Q

What do the primary bronchi divide into?

A

Divide to form smaller bronchi

  • Secondary bronchi
  • one for each lobe of the lung
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46
Q

How many lobes does the right and left lungs have?

A

Right lung: has 3 lobes

Left lung: has 2 lobes

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47
Q

What do the secondary bronchi divide into?

A

Tertiary bronchi

- even smaller than secondary bronchi

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48
Q

What do tertiary bronchi divide into?

A

Bronchioles

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49
Q

What do bronchioles branch into?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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50
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

Extensive branching from the trachea through the terminal branchioles
- resembles an inverted tree

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51
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

- function in breathing

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52
Q

What is the pleural membrane?

A

Serous membrane that surrounds each lung

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53
Q

What are the two layers of the pleural membrane?

A
  1. Parietal pleura - lines the thoracic cavity

2. Visceral pleura - covers the lungs

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54
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between the parietal and visceral pleura

- reduces friction between membranes

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55
Q

What is the base of the lungs?

A

Broad inferior portion

- fits over diaphragm

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56
Q

What is the apex of the lungs?

A

Narrow superior portion

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57
Q

What is the costal surface of the lungs?

A

Surface lying against the ribs

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58
Q

What do the mediastinal (medial) surface of the lungs contain?

A

A region (hilum) through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit

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59
Q

What constitutes the root of the lung?

A

The hilum

- held together by the pleura and connective tissue

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60
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

A concavity where the apex of the heart sits

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61
Q

How do the oblique fissures extend?

A

Extends inferiorly and anteriorly

armpit to stomach

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62
Q

Which fissure does the right lung have that the left does not?

A

Horizontal fissure

- superior to the oblique fissure

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63
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe

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64
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A

Superior lobe

Inferior lobe

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65
Q

What is the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Segment of lung tissue that each tertiary bronchus supplies

- there are 10 tertiary bronchi in each lung

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66
Q

What are lobules?

A

Small compartments of each bronchopulmonary segment

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67
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles?

A

Terminal bronchioles that have subdivided into microscopic branches

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68
Q

What do respiratory bronchioles subdivide into?

A

Into several (2-11) alveolar ducts

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69
Q

What is an alveolus?

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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70
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

A

Consists of two or more alveoli that share a common opening

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71
Q

What is the function of type I alveolar cells?

A

Main sites of gas exchange

- more numerous than type II

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72
Q

What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

A

Septal cells

  • secrete alveolar fluid, keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist
  • found between the cells of type I
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73
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Complex mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins

  • lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
  • reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse
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74
Q

What are alveolar macrophages (dust cells)?

A

Phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces

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75
Q

What forms the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar and capillary walls

- where exchange of gases occurs

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76
Q

How do the lungs receive blood?

A

Via two sets of arteries:

  1. Pulmonary arteries
  2. Bronchial arteries
77
Q

What is the only artery that carries de-oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary arteries

78
Q

Describe the pathway of the microscopic airway.

A

Terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli

79
Q

What are the three basic steps of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External (pulmonary) respiration
  3. Internal (tissue) respiration
80
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing

- inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air

81
Q

What is external (pulmonary) respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between the alevoli and the blood in pulmonary capillaries

82
Q

What is internal (tissue)respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

83
Q

Why does air move into or out of the lungs?

Pressure changes

A

Air moves INTO lungs -when air pressure inside lungs is less than the air pressure in the atmosphere
Air moves OUT OF lungs - when air pressure inside lungs is greater than the air pressure in the atmosphere

84
Q

What is inhalation (inspiration)?

A

Breathing in

- achieved by increasing the size of the lungs (lungs expand)

85
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Inverse relationship between volume and pressure

  • if volume goes up, pressure goes down
  • if volume goes down, pressure goes up
86
Q

What is the most important muscle of inhalation?

Other muscles?

A

Diaphram

- external intercostals

87
Q

What happens to the diaphram during contraction?

inhalation

A

Contraction causes it to flatten

- increases the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

88
Q

What happens to the external intercostals during contraction? (inhalation)

A

Contraction elevates the ribs

- increases the chest cavity

89
Q

What is intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure?

A

Pressure between the two pleural layers in the pleural cavity, during quiet inhalation

90
Q

What is the alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure?

A

Pressure inside the lungs

91
Q

What are the alveolar and intrapleural pressures at rest?

A 
Alveolar = 760 mmHg
Intrapleural = 756 mmHg
92
Q

What are the alveolar and intrapleural pressures during inhalation?

A 
Alveolar = 758 mmHg
Intrapleural = 754 mmHg
93
Q

What are the alveolar and intrapleural pressures during exhalation?

A 
Alveolar = 762 mmHg
Intrapleural = 756 mmHg
94
Q

What is exhalation (expiration)?

A

Breathing out

  • a passive process
  • no muscular contractions are involved
95
Q

What is elastic recoil?

A

Natural tendency for the chest wall and lungs to spring back after they have been stretched

96
Q

What two forces contribute to elastic recoil?

A
  1. Recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inhalation
  2. Inward pull of the surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
97
Q

What muscles are active during forced exhalation?

A

Abdominals and internal intercostals

98
Q

Which pressure is always lower than the other, alveolar or intrapleural pressure?

A

Intrapleural is always lower than alveolar

99
Q

What are the three other factors that affect the rate of airflow and the ease of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Surface tension of the alveolar fluid
  2. Compliance of the lungs
  3. Airway resistance
100
Q

How does the surface tension of the alveolar fluid affect the rate of airflow in breathing?

A

Surface tension produces an INWARD force

  • causes alveoli to assume the smallest diameter possible
  • surface tension must be overcome during breathing in order to expand the lungs
101
Q

How does compliance of the lungs affect the rate of airflow in breathing?

A

Compliance = amount of effort required to stretch the lungs and chest wall

  • high compliance = lungs expand easily
  • low compliance = resist expansion
102
Q

How does airway resistance affect the rate of airflow in breathing?

A

Large-diameter airways have decreased resistance (inhalation, bronchioles enlarge)
Airway resistance increases during exhalation as the diameter of bronchioles decreases
- any condition that narrows of obstructs the airways increases resistance

103
Q

What does eupnea mean?

A

Normal pattern of quiet breathing

104
Q

What is costal breathing?

A

Pattern of shallow (chest) breathing

- upward and downward movement of the chest due to contraction of external intercostal muscles

105
Q

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

A

Pattern of deep (abdominal) breathing

- outward movement of the abdomen due to contraction of the diaphragm

106
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of one breath (VT)

107
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute
MV = 12 breaths/min x 500mL/breath
= 6 litres/min

108
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

Apparatus commonly used to measure the volume of air exchanged during breathing and the respiratory rate

109
Q

What is the anatomic (respiratory) dead space?

A

The conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory exchange

  • about 30% of each breath does not each the alveoli
  • remains in the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal branches
110
Q

What is the alveolar ventilation rate?

A

Volume of air per minute that actually reaches the respiratory zone

111
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional inhaled air during a deep breath

112
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional exhaled air pushed out during a forced exhale

113
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air that remains in the lungs after an expiration

114
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory volume

115
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

Sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

116
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

117
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Sum of vital capacity and residual volume

118
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present

119
Q

What is partial pressure (Px)?

A

The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture

120
Q

What affects the speed of the rate of diffusion of gases during breathing?

A

The partial pressure

- greater the difference in partial pressure, the faster the rate of diffusion

121
Q

What does Henry’s Law state?

A

States that the quantity of a gas will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility

122
Q

When is a gas better able to stay in a solution?

A

It is greater when its partial pressure is higher and when it has a high solubility in water

123
Q

What is external respiration or pulmonary gas exchange?

A

Diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in pulmonary capillaries
- diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction

124
Q

What is deoxygenated blood and what side of the heart does it come from?

A

Blood that contains more CO2 than O2

- comes from the right side of the heart

125
Q

What is oxygenated blood and what side of the heart does it return to?

A

Saturated with O2

- returns to the left side of the left

126
Q

What is internal respiration or systemic gas exchange?

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
- occurs throughout the body

127
Q

What factors affect the RATE of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange?

A
  • partial pressure difference of the gases
  • surface area available for gas exchange
  • diffusion distance
  • molecular weight and solubility of gases
128
Q

What two things bind together to form oxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxygen and hemoglobin

129
Q

What percentage of O2 is bound to hemoglobin in the blood?

A
  1. 5% bound to hemoglobin

- 1.5% is dissolved in blood plasma

130
Q

What is the most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin?

A

Partial pressure

- the higher the partial pressure, the more O2 combine with Hb

131
Q

How many molecules of O2 can bind with one molecule of hemoglobin?

A

4

132
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of 02 as it travels from pulmonary capillaries to tissue capillaries?

A

Partial pressure is high in pulmonary capillaries - 02 binds with hemoglobin
Partial pressure is low in tissue capillaries - 02 is release from hemoglobin, diffuses into the tissue cells

133
Q

What are the other factors the affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A
  1. Acidity (pH)
  2. Partial pressure of CO2
  3. Temperature
  4. BPG (2,3-bis-phosphoglycerate)
134
Q

What affect does pH (acidity) have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

Increasing acidity (a LOW pH #), increases the unloading (dissociation) of oxygen from hemoglobin

135
Q

What affect does the partial pressure of CO2 have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

Increased partial pressure of CO2, hemoglobin releases more O2 readily

136
Q

How is the partial pressure of CO2 related to blood acidity?

A

Low blood pH (acidity) results from a high partial pressure of CO2

137
Q

What affect does temperature have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

As temperature increases, so does the amount of O2 released from hemoglobin

138
Q

What are the three methods of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

A
  1. Dissolved cardbon dioxide
  2. Carbamino compounds
  3. Bicarbonate ions
139
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

Hb — CO2

A

A carbamino compound

- a way for CO2 to bind to hemoglobin

140
Q

What is a bicarbonate ion?

HCO3-

A

The dissociation of carbonic acid (H2CO3)

141
Q

What is the function of the respiratory centre in the brain?

A

Controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles

142
Q

Where is the respiratory centre located in the brain?

A

In the brain stem

- medulla oblongata and pons

143
Q

What are the three areas of the respiratory center?

A
  1. Medullary rhythmicity area (in the medulla)
  2. Pneumotaxic area (in the pons)
  3. Apneustic area (in the pons)
144
Q

What is the function of the medullary rhythmicity area?

A

Control the basic rhythm of respiration

- there are inspiratory and expiratory areas

145
Q

What is the function of the inspiratory area?

A

Nerve impulses generated in the inspiratory area establish the basic rhythm of breathing

  • 2 seconds per inhalation
  • 3 seconds per exhalation
146
Q

How does quiet breathing operate?

A
  • inspiratory area is active = generates nerve impulses for 2 seconds
  • breathing muscles contract
  • inspiratory area becomes inactive = nerve impulses stop
  • muscles relax for about 3 seconds, allows for passive elastic recoil of muscles
147
Q

What neurons are active during quiet breathing, inspirtory or expiratory?

A

Inspiratory

- expiratory areas remains inactive during quiet breathing

148
Q

What happens when the neurons in the expiratory area are active?

A

Forceful exhalation

- cause contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

149
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic area?

A

Helps coordinate the transition between inhalation and exhalation
- turns off inspiratory area before the lungs become too full

150
Q

What is the function of the apenustic area?

A

Helps coordinate the transition between inhalation and exhalation

  • send stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area
  • results in DEEP, LONG inhalation
151
Q

What happens if the pneumotaxic area is more active?

A

Breathing rate is more rapid

- overrides signals from the apneustic area

152
Q

How does the cerebral cortex affect respiration?

A

Gives us the ability to voluntarily control our breathing

- ability to hold our breath on command

153
Q

What happens if we hold our breath for too long?

A

CO2 and H+ build-up in the body

- inspiratory area becomes strongly stimulated to overcome voluntarily holding our breath

154
Q

How do chemoreceptors function in respiration?

A

Very responsive to changes in levels of CO2, O2 and H+

- provide input to the respiratory centre

155
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

for respiration

A

Located in or near the medulla oblongata in the CENTRAL nervous system

156
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in H+ and CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid

157
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

for respiration

A

Located in the aortic bodies and carotid bodies

- part of the PERIPHERAL nervous system

158
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in O2

159
Q

What is hypercapnia? (hypercarbia)

A

Slight increase in the partial pressure of CO2

  • central chemoreceptors are stimulated
  • respond vigorously to the resulting H+ increase
160
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Results from increased CO2, decreased pH (increased H+) or decreased O2
- input from central and peripheral chemoreceptors causes inspiratory area to become highly active

161
Q

Does oxygen levels or carbon dioxide level more strongly stimulate the inspiratory area?

A

More strongly stimulated by increased CO2 rather than low O2

162
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Deficiency of O2 at the tissue level

163
Q

What are the four types of hypoxia?

A
  1. Hypoxic hypoxia - low O2 in arterial blood
  2. Anemic hypoxia - too little functioning hemoglobin
  3. Ischemic hypoxia - blood flow to tissue is reduced
  4. Histotoxic hypoxia - tissues are unable to use delivered O2
164
Q

What effect does proprioceptor stimulation have on respiration?

A

Nerve impulses from proprioceptors stimulate inspiratory area in medulla
- rate and depth of breathing increase before gas level changes in blood

165
Q

How are baroreceptors stimulated?

Stretch receptors

A

Stimulated due to overinflation of the lungs

  • inspiratory area become inhibited; exhalation begins
  • located in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles
166
Q

What is the inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex?

A

Reflex triggered to prevent overinflation of the lung

- once baroreceptors are no longer stimulated (stretch receptors), normal breathing resumes

167
Q

What are the other six influences that affect respiration?

What are their effects?

A
  1. Limbic system stimulation - emotional anxiety may stimulate inspiratory area
  2. Temperature - increase in temp, increases rate of breathing. Sudden cold causes apnea
  3. Pain - severe pain causes apnea, moderate pain causes increase in breathing
  4. Stretching the anal sphincter muscle - increases respiratory rate
  5. Irritation of airways - immediate cessation of breathing, followed by coughing or sneezing
  6. Blood pressure - sudden rise in blood pressure, decrease in rate of respiration
168
Q

What is apnea?

A

An absence of breathing

169
Q

What is pulmonary perfusion?

A

As cardiac output rises, the blood flow to the lungs increases as well

170
Q

What happens during exercise to respiration?

A
  • rate of O2 diffusion into blood increases

- O2 consumption and pulmonary ventilation increase

171
Q

What are the three NEURAL changes that send excitatory impulses to the inspiratory area during exercise?

A
  1. Anticipatory (limbic system)
  2. Sensory impulses from proprioceptors
  3. Motor impulses from cerebral cortex
172
Q

What is asthma?

A

Disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity and airway obstruction
- difficulty in breathing, coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, fatiuge, anxiety

173
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

COPD

  • chronic and recurrent obstuction of airflow, which increases airway resistance
  • emphysema and chronic bronchitis
174
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of the walls of the alveoli

  • produces abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation
  • less surface area for gas exchange
175
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Excessive secretion of bronchial mucus accompanied by a productive cough
- narrows the airway and impairs ciliary function

176
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

Cancer of the lung …

177
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli

  • certain microbes enter the lungs, release damaging toxins, stimulating inflammation and immune responses
  • inflammation and edema cause the alveoli to fill with fluid
178
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • once the bacteria are inside the lungs, they multiply
  • healthy immune system will keep bacteria dormant for life
  • compromised immune system (HIV, AIDS) bacteria may be able to spread throughout the body
179
Q

What is a pulmonary edema?

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs

180
Q

What is the common cold? (coryza)

A

Group of viruses called rhinoviruses

- sneezing, excessive nasal secretion, dry cough, congestion

181
Q

What is seasonal influenza (flu)?

A

Caused by a virus

  • chills, fever, headache, muscular aches
  • respiratory illness, not gastric
182
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A hereditary disorder affecting the exocrine glands.

  • causes the production of abnormally thick mucus
  • resulting in respiratory infection
183
Q

What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A

Sudden, unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep
- exact cause is unknown

184
Q

What is asphyxia?

A

Oxygen starvation due to low atmospheric oxygen

- interference with ventilation, external or internal respiration

185
Q

What is aspiration?

A

Inhalation of a foreign substance such as water, food, or a foreign body into the bronchial tree
- drawing of a substance in or out by suction

186
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Painful or labored breathing

187
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Slow and shallow breathing

188
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Chronic or acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose due to viruses, bacteria or irritants
- excessive mucous causes runny nose, nasal congestion and postnasal drip

Biology - Chapter 19-29 (11 decks)

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