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IS LEC - TURGEON > CHAPTER 28-PART 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 28-PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by multisystem involvement and a wide range of autoantibodies,

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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2
Q

What are the hallmark autoantibodies in SLE,

A

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA); anti-dsDNA; anti-Sm

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3
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of SLE,

A

Malar rash; arthritis; nephritis; serositis; hematologic abnormalities

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4
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints,

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

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5
Q

What are the hallmark autoantibodies in RA,

A

Rheumatoid factor (RF); anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)

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6
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of RA,

A

Symmetrical polyarthritis; morning stiffness; joint deformities

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7
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by fibrosis and vascular abnormalities affecting skin and internal organs,

A

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

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8
Q

What are the hallmark autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis,

A

Anti-centromere; anti-Scl-70 (anti-topoisomerase I)

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9
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of systemic sclerosis,

A

Skin thickening; Raynaud’s phenomenon; esophageal dysmotility

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10
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands,

A

Sjögren’s syndrome

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11
Q

What are the hallmark autoantibodies in Sjögren’s syndrome,

A

Anti-SSA (Ro); anti-SSB (La)

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12
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of Sjögren’s syndrome,

A

Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca); dry mouth (xerostomia)

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13
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by multisystem involvement and production of a wide range of autoantibodies,

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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14
Q

What are the hallmark autoantibodies found in SLE,

A

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA)

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15
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of SLE,

A

Malar rash arthritis

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16
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of synovial joints,

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

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17
Q

What are the hallmark autoantibodies found in RA,

A

Rheumatoid factor (RF) anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies

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18
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of RA,

A

Symmetrical polyarthritis morning stiffness

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19
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by fibrosis of skin and internal organs,

A

Systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma)

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20
Q

What are the hallmark autoantibodies found in systemic sclerosis,

A

Anti-centromere antibodies anti-Scl-70 (anti-topoisomerase I) antibodies

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21
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of systemic sclerosis,

A

Skin thickening Raynaud’s phenomenon

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22
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands,

A

Sjögren’s syndrome

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23
Q

What are the hallmark autoantibodies found in Sjögren’s syndrome,

A

Anti-SSA (Ro) anti-SSB (La) antibodies

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24
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of Sjögren’s syndrome,

A

Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) dry mouth (xerostomia)

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25
What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of blood vessels,
Vasculitis
26
What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by immune complex deposition causing inflammation,
Type III hypersensitivity-mediated vasculitis
27
What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by immune-mediated destruction of neuromuscular junction receptors,
Myasthenia gravis
28
What are the hallmark autoantibodies found in myasthenia gravis,
Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies
29
What is the typical clinical presentation of myasthenia gravis,
Muscle weakness fatigability
30
What is the primary screening test for systemic autoimmune diseases
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
31
What is the principle of the ANA test
Detection of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens using indirect immunofluorescence
32
What is the typical substrate used in the ANA test
Hep-2 cells
33
What does a positive ANA test indicate
Presence of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune diseases (e.g.
34
What is the significance of ANA titer
Indicates the concentration of autoantibodies; higher titers suggest active disease
35
What are common patterns seen in ANA testing
Homogeneous; speckled; nucleolar; centromere
36
What is the clinical relevance of the homogeneous ANA pattern
Associated with SLE and drug-induced lupus
37
What is the clinical relevance of the speckled ANA pattern
Seen in SLE
38
What is the clinical relevance of the centromere ANA pattern
Associated with limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome)
39
What is the purpose of ENA (extractable nuclear antigen) panel testing
To identify specific autoantibodies against soluble nuclear antigens
40
What are common autoantibodies detected in the ENA panel
Anti-Ro (SSA); Anti-La (SSB); Anti-Sm; Anti-RNP; Anti-Scl-70
41
What is the clinical significance of anti-Ro (SSA) and anti-La (SSB) antibodies
Associated with Sjögren’s syndrome and neonatal lupus
42
What is the clinical significance of anti-Sm antibody
Highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus
43
What is the clinical significance of anti-RNP antibody
Associated with mixed connective tissue disease
44
What is the clinical significance of anti-Scl-70 antibody
Associated with diffuse systemic sclerosis
45
What is the test used to detect rheumatoid factor (RF)
Latex agglutination or nephelometry
46
What is rheumatoid factor
An autoantibody (usually IgM) against the Fc portion of IgG
47
What is the significance of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies
Highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis and predictive of disease severity
48
What is the test used to detect antibodies against double-stranded DNA
Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence assay or ELISA
49
What is the clinical significance of anti-dsDNA antibodies
Specific for systemic lupus erythematosus and associated with disease activity
50
What is the test used to detect antibodies against acetylcholine receptors
Radioimmunoassay
51
What is the clinical significance of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies
Diagnostic for myasthenia gravis
52
What is the test used to detect anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)
Indirect immunofluorescence
53
What are the two main patterns of ANCA
Cytoplasmic (c-ANCA) and perinuclear (p-ANCA)
54
What is the clinical significance of c-ANCA
Associated with Wegener’s granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
55
What is the clinical significance of p-ANCA
Associated with microscopic polyangiitis and other vasculitides
56
What is the purpose of case studies in autoimmune disorder education
To apply theoretical knowledge to clinical scenarios and improve diagnostic skills
57
In a patient presenting with fatigue
weight loss
58
What autoantibodies would support a diagnosis of Addison’s disease
Antiadrenal cortex antibodies
59
In a patient with polyuria
polydipsia
60
What autoantibodies are commonly found in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Islet cell antibodies; insulin autoantibodies
61
A patient presents with dry eyes and dry mouth; what autoimmune disorder is suggested
Sjögren’s syndrome
62
What autoantibodies are associated with Sjögren’s syndrome
Anti-SSA (Ro); anti-SSB (La)
63
In a patient with joint pain
morning stiffness
64
What autoantibodies are diagnostic for rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid factor (RF); anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies
65
A patient has malar rash
photosensitivity
66
What autoantibodies are hallmark for SLE
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA); anti-dsDNA; anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies
67
In a patient with muscle weakness and ptosis
which autoimmune disorder is suspected
68
What autoantibodies confirm the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies
69
What laboratory test is used to detect autoantibodies bound to red blood cells
Direct antiglobulin test (Coombs test)
70
What laboratory test is used to detect circulating antibodies in serum
Indirect antiglobulin test
71
What is the clinical relevance of a positive direct antiglobulin test
Indicates autoimmune hemolytic anemia or hemolytic disease of the newborn
72
What is the primary mechanism underlying autoimmune diseases
Loss of self-tolerance leading to immune response against self-antigens
73
How do organ-specific autoimmune disorders differ from organ-nonspecific disorders
Organ-specific disorders target a single organ; organ-nonspecific disorders involve multiple organs or systems
74
What role do autoantibodies play in autoimmune diseases
They can directly damage tissues
75
What is the significance of HLA in autoimmunity
Certain HLA alleles increase susceptibility to specific autoimmune diseases
76
How can environmental factors contribute to autoimmunity
By triggering immune responses through infections
77
What is the difference between central and peripheral tolerance
Central tolerance eliminates autoreactive lymphocytes during development; peripheral tolerance controls autoreactive cells in the periphery
78
What are common laboratory tests used to diagnose autoimmune diseases
ANA test
79
How does the direct antiglobulin test help in diagnosing autoimmune hemolytic anemia
By detecting antibodies or complement bound to red blood cells
80
What is the clinical importance of anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE
They correlate with disease activity and renal involvement
81
How does immunosuppressive therapy help in autoimmune diseases
By reducing immune system activity to prevent tissue damage
82
What are potential side effects of immunosuppressive therapy
Increased risk of infections
83
What is the purpose of allergen immunotherapy
To induce immune tolerance and reduce allergic symptoms
84
How do monoclonal antibodies like rituximab work in autoimmune diseases
By targeting and depleting B cells that produce autoantibodies
85
What is the significance of molecular mimicry in autoimmunity
Pathogens share epitopes with self-antigens
86
What is the role of regulatory T cells in preventing autoimmunity
They suppress autoreactive immune responses and maintain tolerance
87
What is the purpose of the rapid slide test for antinucleoprotein
To detect the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in patient serum
88
What type of specimen is required for the rapid slide test
Patient serum or plasma
89
What is the principle behind the rapid slide test
Patient serum is mixed with reagent cells containing nuclear antigens; agglutination indicates presence of ANA
90
What is the appearance of a positive test result in the rapid slide test
Visible clumping or agglutination on the slide
91
What is the importance of using reagent cells in the rapid slide test
They provide a standardized source of nuclear antigens for antibody binding
92
What is the general procedure for performing the rapid slide test
Mix equal volumes of patient serum and reagent cells on a slide; rotate gently; observe for agglutination within minutes
93
What are common causes of false positive results in the rapid slide test
Rheumatoid factor; nonspecific agglutinins; improper technique
94
How should a positive rapid slide test be confirmed
By performing indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for ANA and further specific antibody testing
95
What is the clinical significance of a positive rapid slide test
Indicates possible autoimmune disease requiring further evaluation
96
What precautions should be taken when performing the rapid slide test
Use proper controls; avoid contamination; follow timing strictly
97
What is the fundamental cause of autoimmune diseases
Loss of immunologic tolerance to self-antigens
98
What are the three main categories of autoimmune disorders
Organ-specific; midspectrum; organ-nonspecific
99
What role do autoantibodies play in autoimmune diseases
They can cause tissue damage directly
100
What genetic factors influence susceptibility to autoimmune diseases
HLA haplotypes and other immune-related genes
101
How do environmental factors contribute to autoimmunity
Infections
102
What is the importance of central and peripheral tolerance
They prevent autoreactive lymphocytes from causing autoimmune disease
103
What are the main immunopathogenic mechanisms in autoimmunity
Autoantibody-mediated cytotoxicity
104
What laboratory tests are commonly used to diagnose autoimmune diseases
ANA
105
What is the role of immunosuppressive therapy in autoimmune diseases
To reduce immune system activity and prevent tissue damage
106
What are potential complications of immunosuppressive therapy
Increased risk of infection and malignancy
107
What is the significance of molecular mimicry in autoimmunity
Pathogens may trigger autoimmunity by sharing epitopes with self-antigens
108
What is the function of regulatory T cells
To suppress autoreactive immune responses and maintain self-tolerance
109
What are some examples of organ-specific autoimmune diseases
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
110
What are some examples of organ-nonspecific autoimmune diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus
111
What is the clinical utility of the ANA test
Screening for systemic autoimmune diseases
112
What is the significance of anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE
Correlate with disease activity and renal involvement
113
What is the role of anti-CCP antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis
Highly specific for diagnosis and prognosis
114
What is the importance of HLA typing in transplantation and autoimmunity
Helps match donor and recipient and identifies susceptibility to autoimmune diseases

IS LEC - TURGEON (11 decks)

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