CHAPTER 26-HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Flashcards
1
Q
What is the term for an exaggerated or uncontrolled immune response to an antigen causing tissue injury
A
Hypersensitivity
2
Q
What term describes the host’s immunologic reaction to a subsequent antigen exposure
A
Immunization or Sensitization
3
Q
What term refers to an altered reaction to external substances often mediated by IgE
A
Allergy
4
Q
What term is used interchangeably with allergy and refers to immediate IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
A
Atopy
5
Q
What are low-molecular-weight substances that trigger allergic reactions
A
Allergens
6
Q
What is the life-threatening systemic IgE-mediated allergic reaction
A
Anaphylaxis
7
Q
What type of hypersensitivity is cell-mediated and occurs 24-72 hours after exposure
A
Delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV)
8
Q
What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions
A
Type I (IgE-mediated); Type II (cytotoxic); Type III (immune complex); Type IV (cell-mediated)
9
Q
What cells are the primary effector cells in Type I hypersensitivity
A
Mast cells and Basophils
10
Q
What antibody mediates Type I hypersensitivity
A
IgE
11
Q
What is the process called when allergen cross-links IgE on mast cells causing degranulation
A
Type I hypersensitivity reaction mechanism
12
Q
What are the primary mediators released during anaphylaxis
A
Histamine; Leukotrienes; Platelet-activating factor (PAF); Eosinophil chemotactic factor
13
Q
What is the effect of histamine in allergic reactions
A
Increases vascular permeability and contracts smooth muscle
14
Q
What distinguishes anaphylactic from anaphylactoid reactions
A
Anaphylactic is IgE-mediated; Anaphylactoid is non-IgE-mediated direct mast cell activation
15
Q
What is the progression of allergic diseases from eczema to asthma called
A
Allergy march
16
Q
What antibodies mediate Type II hypersensitivity
A
IgG and IgM
17
Q
What mechanisms cause tissue damage in Type II hypersensitivity
A
Complement activation; Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); Opsonization
18
Q
What test detects IgG or complement bound to red blood cells
A
Direct antiglobulin test (DAT)
19
Q
What is the treatment approach involving gradual allergen exposure to induce tolerance
A
Desensitization
20
Q
What term refers to localized immune complex deposition causing tissue damage (Type III hypersensitivity)
A
Arthus reaction
21
Q
What term describes the systemic immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
A
Serum sickness
22
Q
What antibodies mediate Type III hypersensitivity
A
IgG and IgM
23
Q
What are the pathogenic mechanisms in Type III hypersensitivity
A
Immune complex deposition; Complement activation; Neutrophil recruitment
24
Q
What are examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions
A
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis; Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); Rheumatoid arthritis
25
What type of hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells without antibody involvement
Type IV (cell-mediated/delayed)
26
What are the subtypes of Type IV hypersensitivity
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH); T cell-mediated cytotoxicity
27
What cells mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
CD4+ Th1 cells and macrophages
28
What cells mediate T cell-mediated cytotoxicity
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
29
What are examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions
Tuberculin skin test; Contact dermatitis (poison ivy); Granulomatous inflammation (TB; sarcoidosis)
30
What term describes the chronic inflammatory response involving epithelioid macrophages and giant cells
Granuloma
31
What is the primary diagnostic test for IgE-mediated allergies
Skin prick test or Serum-specific IgE testing (RAST)
32
What term refers to the cross-reactivity between latex and certain fruits (banana; avocado; kiwi)
Latex-fruit syndrome
33
What term describes the life-threatening bronchoconstriction and hypotension in severe allergies
Anaphylactic shock
34
What is the term for the drug that reverses anaphylaxis by blocking α-adrenergic effects
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
35
What is the term for the gradual introduction of allergens to induce immune tolerance
Allergen immunotherapy
36
What term refers to the binding of IgG/IgM to cell surfaces leading to phagocytosis or lysis
Opsonization
37
What term describes antibody-mediated destruction of transfused red blood cells
Hemolytic transfusion reaction
38
What is the term for maternal IgG antibodies crossing the placenta and destroying fetal RBCs
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
39
What test is used to prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions
Blood type and crossmatch testing
40
What term refers to immune complexes deposited in blood vessels causing vasculitis
Immune complex vasculitis
41
What is the term for immune complex deposition in the kidneys causing inflammation
Glomerulonephritis
42
What term describes the chronic immune complex-mediated disease affecting multiple organs
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
43
What autoantibody is characteristic of SLE
Anti-dsDNA; Anti-Smith (Sm)
44
What term refers to the inflammation of joints due to immune complexes in synovial fluid
Rheumatoid arthritis
45
What autoantibody is characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG)
46
What term describes the T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
47
What term refers to the destruction of thyroid cells in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (Type II hypersensitivity)
48
What term describes the skin reaction to poison ivy involving CD8+ T cells
Allergic contact dermatitis
49
What is the recommended age to introduce allergenic foods to infants to reduce allergy risk,
4 to 6 months
50
What term describes the immune reaction to food proteins causing adverse symptoms,
Food allergy
51
What are the common food allergens in children,
Milk; eggs; peanuts; tree nuts; soy; wheat; fish; shellfish
52
What is the difference between food allergy and food intolerance,
Food allergy involves immune mechanisms; food intolerance does not
53
What is the term for non-IgE-mediated food allergies,
Cell-mediated food allergy (e.g., food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome)
54
What is the primary treatment for food allergies,
Avoidance of the allergenic food
55
What is the term for hypersensitivity reactions caused by drugs,
Drug hypersensitivity
56
What are the four types of drug hypersensitivity reactions,
Type I (IgE-mediated); Type II (cytotoxic); Type III (immune complex); Type IV (delayed-type)
57
What is the most common mechanism of immediate drug allergy,
IgE-mediated Type I hypersensitivity
58
What drugs commonly cause IgE-mediated reactions,
Penicillin; cephalosporins; sulfonamides; aspirin
59
What is the term for severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs,
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
60
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in SJS and TEN,
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
61
What is the term for the test used to identify drug-specific T cells in delayed hypersensitivity,
Patch testing or lymphocyte transformation test (LTT)
62
What is the term for the immediate treatment of anaphylaxis,
Epinephrine injection
63
What is the term for the gradual desensitization protocol to allow safe drug administration,
Drug desensitization
64
What is the term for the immune response causing serum sickness,
Type III hypersensitivity to foreign proteins or drugs
65
What is the term for the immune-mediated destruction of platelets,
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
66
What is the term for the immune-mediated destruction of neutrophils,
Autoimmune neutropenia
67
What is the term for the immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells,
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
68
What is the term for the process of immune tolerance induced by repeated low-dose exposure,
Immunotherapy
69
What is the term for the immune complex disease caused by persistent antigenemia,
Chronic serum sickness
70
What is the term for granulomatous inflammation caused by persistent antigen stimulation,
Granulomatous hypersensitivity
71
What is the term for the T cell subset primarily involved in granuloma formation,
CD4+ Th1 cells
72
What is the term for the cytokine critical for macrophage activation in granulomas,
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
73
What is the term for the hypersensitivity reaction involved in tuberculin skin test,
Type IV delayed-type hypersensitivity
74
What is the term for the skin test used to detect latent tuberculosis infection,
Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) test
75
What is the term for the immune response causing contact dermatitis,
Type IV hypersensitivity mediated by CD8+ T cells
76
What is the term for the antigen-presenting cells that activate T cells in contact dermatitis,
Langerhans cells
77
What is the term for the major effector cells causing tissue damage in delayed hypersensitivity,
Activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells
78
What is the term for the cytokines secreted by Th1 cells in delayed hypersensitivity,
Interleukin-2 (IL-2); Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
79
What is the term for the process by which T cells recognize antigen in delayed hypersensitivity,
Antigen presentation via MHC class II molecules
80
What is the term for the clinical manifestation of Type IV hypersensitivity on the skin,
Induration and erythema at the site of antigen exposure
81
What is the term for the immediate hypersensitivity skin test used to detect IgE-mediated allergies
Prick or scratch test
82
What is the term for the blood test measuring allergen-specific IgE antibodies
Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) or ImmunoCAP
83
What is the term for the skin test that identifies delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Patch test
84
What is the term for the laboratory test detecting antibodies bound to red blood cells
Direct antiglobulin test (Coombs test)
85
What is the term for the laboratory test detecting circulating antibodies in serum
Indirect antiglobulin test
86
What is the term for the treatment that blocks histamine receptors to reduce allergic symptoms
Antihistamines
87
What is the term for medications that reduce inflammation in allergic reactions
Corticosteroids
88
What is the term for drugs that stabilize mast cells to prevent degranulation
Cromolyn sodium
89
What is the term for the monoclonal antibody used to treat severe allergic asthma by targeting IgE
Omalizumab
90
What is the term for the emergency medication used to treat anaphylaxis
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
91
What is the term for the gradual introduction of allergen extracts to build tolerance
Allergen immunotherapy or desensitization
92
What is the term for the hypersensitivity reaction characterized by immune complex deposition in blood vessels
Type III hypersensitivity
93
What is the term for the immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells following transfusion
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
94
What is the term for the immune reaction causing graft rejection
Type IV hypersensitivity (cell-mediated)
95
What is the term for the prevention of graft rejection by immunosuppressive drugs
Immunosuppression
96
What is the term for the immune response against self-antigens
Autoimmunity
97
What is the term for the loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens
Autoimmune disease
98
What is the term for antibodies directed against self-antigens
Autoantibodies
99
What is the term for the genetic predisposition to develop autoimmune diseases
HLA haplotypes
100
What is the term for the immune complex-mediated autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
101
What is the term for the autoimmune destruction of thyroid tissue
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
102
What is the term for the autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness due to antibodies against acetylcholine receptors
Myasthenia gravis
103
What is the term for the autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination in the central nervous system
Multiple sclerosis
104
What is the term for the immune-mediated inflammation of blood vessels
Vasculitis
105
What is the term for the immune response causing chronic inflammation and tissue damage in rheumatoid arthritis
Type III and Type IV hypersensitivity
106
What is the term for the immune cells responsible for mediating tissue damage in autoimmune diseases
T cells and autoantibodies
107
What is the term for the therapeutic approach to reduce immune system activity in autoimmune diseases
Immunosuppressive therapy
108
What is the term for the use of biologic agents targeting specific immune molecules in autoimmune diseases
Biologic therapy
109
What is the term for the laboratory test detecting anti-nuclear antibodies
ANA test
110
What is the term for the laboratory test detecting antibodies specific for double-stranded DNA
Anti-dsDNA test
111
What is the term for the laboratory test detecting rheumatoid factor
RF test
112
What is the term for the laboratory test detecting antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides
Anti-CCP test
113
What is the term for the immune tolerance induced by regulatory T cells
Peripheral tolerance
114
What is the role of regulatory T cells in autoimmunity
Suppress autoreactive immune responses to prevent autoimmune disease
115
What is the term for the process of central tolerance
Deletion of autoreactive T and B cells during development in thymus and bone marrow
116
What is the term for the immune checkpoint molecules that regulate T cell activation
CTLA-4 and PD-1
117
What is the term for the therapeutic blockade of immune checkpoints to enhance immune response
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy
118
What is the term for the adverse autoimmune-like effects caused by checkpoint inhibitors
Immune-related adverse events (irAEs)
119
What is the term for the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting TNF-alpha in autoimmune diseases
Anti-TNF therapy
120
What are examples of anti-TNF agents
Infliximab; Adalimumab; Etanercept
121
What is the term for the immunosuppressive drug that inhibits calcineurin
Tacrolimus or Cyclosporine
122
What is the term for the immunosuppressive drug that inhibits purine synthesis
Mycophenolate mofetil
123
What is the term for the immunosuppressive drug that alkylates DNA
Cyclophosphamide
124
What is the term for the monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 on B cells
Rituximab
125
What is the term for the therapeutic plasma exchange used to remove pathogenic antibodies
Plasmapheresis
126
What is the term for the vaccine strategy that uses attenuated or killed pathogens
Active immunization
127
What is the term for the administration of preformed antibodies for immediate protection
Passive immunization
128
What is the term for the hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes in serum sickness
Type III hypersensitivity
129
What is the term for the skin test used to diagnose tuberculosis
Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test)
130
What is the term for the cytokine primarily involved in granuloma formation
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
131
What is the term for the immune cells that form multinucleated giant cells in granulomas
Epithelioid macrophages and Langhans giant cells
132
What is the term for the autoimmune disease characterized by dry eyes and dry mouth
Sjögren’s syndrome
133
What is the term for the autoimmune disease causing systemic sclerosis
Progressive systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma)
134
What is the term for the autoimmune disease causing destruction of adrenal cortex
Addison’s disease
135
What is the term for the autoimmune disease causing destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
136
What is the term for the immune-mediated hypersensitivity reaction causing glomerulonephritis
Type III hypersensitivity
137
What is the term for the immune-mediated destruction of neuromuscular junction receptors
Myasthenia gravis
138
What is the term for the immunoglobulin class that crosses the placenta
Iga; IgG; IgM (correct answer is IgG)
139
What is the term for the immunoglobulin class primarily involved in mucosal immunity
IgA
140
What is the term for the immunoglobulin class involved in allergic responses
IgE
141
What is the term for the immunoglobulin class that is the first antibody produced in primary immune response
IgM
