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Biology > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An advantage that simple multicellular eukaryotes have over single-celled organisms is the ability

A

of the cells in a group of cells to avoid predation

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2
Q

Which one of the following is a signal that induces multicellularity of choanoflagellates?

A

the presence of the preferred prey/food source in the environment

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3
Q

he passive movement of a solute from a point of high concentration to a point of low concentration is known as

A

diffusion

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4
Q

Which of the following terms describes the process by which a fertilized egg develops into a multicellular organism with hundreds of different cell types, each with different structures and functions?

A

differentiation

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5
Q

Which of the following is true of plasmodesmata?

A

They are holes in the cell wall through which the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are connected.

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6
Q

In which order were the key features of complex multicellularity likely to have appeared?

A

cell adhesion, cell communication, regulated growth and development

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7
Q

Plant cell growth is confined to:

A

meristems.

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8
Q

In humans and many other animals, what organ system is involved in bulk transport of nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules?

A

circulatory system

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9
Q

Which of the following molecules help maintain cell–cell adhesions in plants?

A

pectins

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10
Q

Most simple multicellular species belong to which of the following groups?

A

algae

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11
Q

Which of the following explains why bulk transport allows for a larger body size to be attained?

A

All of these options are reasons why bulk transport allows for a larger body size.

Bulk transport allows for oxygen to reach interior cells that are located far from the surface of the body.

Bulk transport allows for waste products to be removed more efficiently.

Bulk transport allows for nutrients to be transported over greater distances.

Bulk transport allows for rapid communication between different parts of the body.

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12
Q

Which of the following binds plant cells into tissues?

A

pectins

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13
Q

In terms of responding to the environment, growth fulfills the same role in plants as _____ does in animals.

A

behavior

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14
Q

Land plants evolved from which of the following groups?

A

green algae

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15
Q

While observing a new species of seaweed under the microscope, it becomes apparent that the entire organism is one large cell containing several nuclei. Which of the following best describes the organization of this organism?

A

coenocytic

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16
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding sponges?

A

The structure of sponges―especially the pores and canals―allows for sponges to achieve sizes of up to a meter (or more).

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17
Q

If animals were unable to produce pectin, what effect would this have on their epithelial tissues?

A

It would have no effect on epithelial tissue structure or function.

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18
Q

During animal development, a fertilized egg divides to form a ball of undifferentiated cells called a:

A

blastula

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19
Q

Similar patterns of character acquisition leading to complex multicellularity are seen in plants and animals.

A

true

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20
Q

Which of the following factors may have favored the evolution of simple multicellularity?

A

increased ability to avoid predation

increased ability to maintain a position in the water column

increased ability to remain in a location that is favorable for growth

increased ability to generate water currents for feeding

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21
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding bulk transport in both animals and plants?

A
22
Q

Most taxonomic groups with simple multicellular organisms never gave rise to complex multicellular descendants.

A

true

23
Q

In animals, fungi, and plants, bulk transport is always an active and ATP-expensive process. This is best evidenced by the need for a heart to beat in order for bulk transport to occur in animals.

A

false

24
Q

Which of the following statements about oxygen is false?

A

Oxygen is the only potential electron acceptor available on Earth’s surface

25
Q

Which of the following statements about the evolution of complex multicellularity is true?

A

Complex multicellularity evolved independently at least six times in different groups of organisms.

26
Q

A jellyfish relies on diffusion to provide oxygen to its body cells, and yet it is much larger than the 1 cm limit imposed by diffusion. How can it be so thick and still meet its metabolic demands by diffusion alone?

A

A jellyfish relies on diffusion to provide oxygen to its body cells, and yet it is much larger than the 1 cm limit imposed by diffusion. How can it be so thick and still meet its metabolic demands by diffusion alone?

27
Q

Which of the following adhesive molecules are found in animal tissues?

A

cadherins and integrins

28
Q

Which of the following statements about meristems is false?

A

Meristems contain a mixture of differentiated and undifferentiated cells.

29
Q

The appearance of complex multicellular animals in the fossil record:

A

coincides with increased levels of oxygen in the atmosphere and ocean.

30
Q

Which of the following statements about the organization of complex multicellular organisms is false?

A

Exterior cells are highly differentiated whereas interior cells are not differentiated.

31
Q

You are asked to determine whether an unknown tissue specimen comes from a plant or an animal. Closer inspection with an electron microscope reveals that the cells are connected by small openings lined by extensions of the cell membrane and containing tubules connecting the endomembrane systems of adjacent cells. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from your observations?

A

The openings are plasmodesmata, so the tissue must come from a plant.

32
Q

Most simple multicellular species belong to which of the following groups?

A

algae

33
Q

The mesoglea of jellyfish:

A

provides structural support to the jellyfish body and would be considered a metabolically inactive tissue

34
Q

Which of the following statements about the evolution of animal cell adhesion molecules is true?

A

Animal cell adhesion molecules evolved from protein families that originally performed other functions.

35
Q

During animal development, a fertilized egg divides to form a ball of undifferentiated cells called a:

A

blastula

36
Q

While analyzing a sample of pond water, you discover a new organism whose body is composed of multiple cells. Upon closer inspection you are able to determine that the individual cells are highly differentiated and organized into distinct interior and exterior tissue layers. Which of the following best describes the organization of this organism?

A

complex multicellular

37
Q

If animals were unable to produce pectin, what effect would this have on their epithelial tissues?

A

It would have no effect on epithelial tissue structure or function.

38
Q

If animals were unable to produce pectin, what effect would this have on their epithelial tissues?

A

It would have no effect on epithelial tissue structure or function.

39
Q

Examples of organisms with macroscopic bodies and distinct tissue types can be found amongst both the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes

A

false

40
Q

Which of the following statements about cell signaling is correct?

A

Signaling pathways and the molecules involved (e.g., kinases) evolved before the evolutionary split between plants and animals and thus are similar in the two groups.

41
Q

The differentiation of distinct cell types is a biological innovation that accompanied the evolution of complex multicellularity.

A

true

42
Q

A young boy is staring at the tropical fish tank in his mother’s office. He reaches in and pulls out a fern-like plant. When he closely examines this plant, he notices it has very large cells with several dark spots. What is likely true of this plant?

A

This plant is coenocytic (the dark spots are actually nuclei) and―given the tropical environment―is likely an example of Caulerpa.

43
Q

Although choanoflagellates are fundamentally unicellular organisms, they possess the genes that code for cadherins and integrins. Which of the following hypotheses regarding the function of these molecules in choanoflagellates is supported by laboratory experiments?

A

Choanoflagellates use adhesion molecules to facilitate the capture of bacterial prey.

44
Q

Which of the following is not a mechanism to circumvent the limits imposed by diffusion?

A

placing metabolically active cells in the interior of an organism and metabolically inert structures along the exterior surface

45
Q

Which of the following statements about bulk transport is false?

A

Bulk transport is found in simple multicellular organisms, but not unicellular organisms.

46
Q

Which of the following is not a general requirement for complex multicellular life?

A

Cells must retain a full range of functions, including reproduction.

47
Q

Which of the following statements contrasting simple versus complex multicellularity is true?

A

Complex multicellular organisms show a large degree of cellular differentiation, whereas simple multicellular organisms show little differentiation of specialized cell types.

48
Q

Differentiation in complex multicellular organisms occurs when:

A

different combinations of genes are activated and repressed in different cells.

cells in different environments are exposed to different types of signals.

different combinations of proteins are expressed in different cells.

cells acquire different fates.

49
Q

A young medical student has removed a tendon, intestine, and heart from a cadaver. When he flattens all of these structures (and stretches them out to their utmost extent), he notices that the intestine is by far the largest structure. Why?

A

The intestine must have a large surface area over which nutrients derived from food can diffuse into the bloodstream.

50
Q

How can two cells in the same complex multicellular organism have different fates?

A

Different genes are activated and repressed in the two cells.

51
Q
A

Biology (14 decks)

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