chapter 28 Flashcards
what is morphology, what is anatomy
morphology—>study of external structure
anatomy—>study of internal structure
what are the three vegetative organs of a flowering plant
roots, stems & leaves [non reproductive]
what are the two organ systems of a flowering plant
roots & shoots
what are the three tissue systems of a plant (three types of permanent tissue)
dermal tissue system, vascular tissue system & ground tissue system
how does dermal tissue function, what are two examples of dermal tissue
outside layers that protects the plant from harm [epidermis in young herbaceous plant parts & cork in older woody plant parts ]
how does vascular tissue function, what are two examples of vascular tissue
provides support and long distance transport throughout the plant; [xylem which conducts water and minerals, phloem which conducts food]
how does ground tissue function, what are three examples of ground tissue
fills in the spaces between dermal and vascular; [parenchyma often used for storage in roots and stems and for photosynthesis in leaves; collenchyma and sclerenchyma used for support]
what are the two primary functions of roots
anchorage and absorption
what are the three types of root origin
primary —> first root to develop when a seed germinates; develops from the radicle of the seed
secondary –>[branch or lateral roots] develop from the primary root
adventitious —> develop from some non-root tissue
what type of root system is characteristic of dicots, what type of root system is characteristic of monocots
taproot system–> has one main root, none of secondary roots are larger than primary [dicots]
fibrous root system—> consists of a cluster of roots, all roots are about same size, primary root overgrown by secondary [monocots]
what are the three types of root (and plant) duration
annual—>live for one growing seasonwhole life cycle[vegetative & reproductive] completed in one season
biennial —>live for two growing seasons — typically the first season is vegetative and second is reproductive
perennial—>live for three or more growing seasons
describe the internal structure of roots
root cap—>region of loosely organized cells at the tip, covering and protecting the apical meristem; cells from meristem replace the root cap cells that wear away
zone of cell division [apical meristem]—> above root cap, cells are constantly dividing ad producing additional cells which results in growth in length—root grows from tip down
zone of elongation—>above the apical meristem, cells stop dividing and begin to enlarge and elongate, primary meristems—called protoderrm, procambium, and ground meristem—develop in this region
zone of maturation[root hair region]—> above the zone of elongation, the primary meristems mature and differentiate into dermal, vascular and ground tissues
what are the two primary functions of stems
conduction & support
what are the two types of vegetative buds on a stem, what is the function of each type of vegetative bud
terminal bud—>found at the tip; contain immature shoot tissue & upon becoming functional they produce additional growth of the stem lengthwise
lateral buds—>found along the sides of the stem; found between the stem and leaf; some do will not develop and eventually drop off the stem; produce side branchers; side branch development is stimulated by death or removal of terminal bud
what are three reasons for pruning a plant
remove dead or diseased wood, restore the shoot/root balance after transplanting, & control shape of plant
what are three differences between herbaceous and woody stems
herbacaceous–>soft, green, short-lived, cambium us not functional [no secondary growth occurs]
woody—> hard, brown, long-lived, cambium is functional [secondary growth occurs]
describe the internal structure of stems
tubers—>short, thickened, terminal portions of rhizomes in which food is stored [irish potato]
bulbs—>enlarged fleshy underground buds that store food [onion]
stolons[runners]—>horizontal stems that grow along the surface of the soil and help spread the plant [strawberry plants]
how does an herbaceous dicot stem differ from an herbaceous monocot stem
herbaceous stem—–
epidermis – outermost protective layer
cortex – region immediately inside of the epidermis, composed of thin-walled parenchyma with a smaller amount of thick-walled collenchyma in patches just inside the epidermis
pith – region in the center of the stem, also composed of parenchyma
vascular bundles – arranged in a ring [dicots characteristic] made of;
xylem – larger, thick-walled cells, located toward the inside stem
phloem – smaller, thinner walled cells, located toward the outside
monocot stem–
epidermis – outermost protective tissue
parenchyma – filling tissue that surrounds the vascular bundles
vascular bundles – scattered throughout the stem [monocots characteristic ] composed of ;
Xylem—larger, thick-walled cells
Phloem – smaller, thinner walled cells
Sclerenchyma sheath – supportive layer surrounding the bundle
what is meristematic tissue
consists of undifferentiated cells that divide when conditions permit, generating new cells and tissues
what are the two types of meristematic tissue and what type of growth does each produce
internal and external structure of woody dicot stems;—
cork—>several layers thick; dermal protective tissue that replaces epidermis
cork cambium—>inside the cork; produced the cork
cortex—>inside the cork cambium and composed of parenchyma
secondary phloem—>inside the cortex; produced by vascular cambium
vascular cambium—>largest area of the stem; made up of numerous annual rings equal to the number of years the stem lived
pith—>in a young woody stem there will still be some pith parenchyma in the center of the stem; decreases each year as the secondary xylem increases
how can you tell the age of a woody stem internally and externally
internally: the secondary xylem [largest area of stem] is made up of a number of annual rings equal to the number of years the stem has lived. young woody stems would still have pith parenchyma in the center of the stem [decreases each year as the secondary xylem increases]
what is the difference in function between heartwood and sapwood
heartwood—>dark xylem in the center of the stem due to water and mineral loss in older woody stems
sapwood—> lighter colored wood outside that continues to conduct water and minerals
what is the primary function of leaves
photosynthesis; some leaves have secondary functions such as water and/or water storage; protection and water conservation—cactus spines; support—tendrils on climbing plants
what are the two main leaf parts
blade—>thin, flat, expanded portion of leaf
petiole—>the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem
some leaves do not have petiole –called sessile leave*
which type of venation is characteristic of dicots, which type of venation is characteristic of monocots
net venation—>veins branch and rebranch into smaller and smaller viens forming interconnected networks; supplies entire blade with vascular tissue [ dicot characteristic ] 2 types of net venation:
pinnate–one main vein [midrib] down the middle of the blade, smaller veins branch off
palmate—several main veins grown from a common point at the tip of petiole, smaller veins branch off
parallel venation—>veins run parallel to each other throughout the lentgth of the blade, do not form an interconnected network [ monocot characteristic ]
what are the types of leaf duration
alternate –> one leaf per node
opposite –> two leaves per node
whorled —> three or more leaves per node
describe the internal structure of leaves
cuticle—>thin, waxy, nonliving secretion of the epidermis, found more commonly on the upper epidermis
upper epidermissingle layer of protective tissue on the upper side of the leaf
mesophyll—>2 layers of the parenchyma [ground tissue ] located between the upper and lower epidermis:
palisade parenchyma—elongated, tightly packed cells, adjacent to the upper epidermis
spongy parenchyma – irregularly shaped loosely packed cells, adjacent to the lower epidermis, contains numerous intercellular spaces
veins—>vascular bundles interspersed throughout the mesophyll, composed of xylem and phloem
lower epidermis—>single layer of protective tissue on the lower side of the leaf
stomata—>pores in the epidermis, found more frequently in the lower epidermis [size of pore is controlled by changes in size and shape of the two guard cells on either side]
describe an alternation of generations life cycle – (the sequence of development)
gametophytes [n] produce gametes that unite [fertilize] to form zygotes, which develop into new sporophytes[2n]. And sporophytes produce through meiosis to spores[n] that give rise to new gametophytes.
- *n-haploid
- *2n-diploid
where does meiosis occur in an alternation of generations life cycle
the producing of spores from the sporophytes
what is the first cell in a new sporophyte generation
spores
what is the first cell in a new gametophyte generation
gametes
what are the two events that characterize sexual reproduction
vegetative reproduction—>asexual; gives rise to a new individuals with identical generic make-up to parent [preventing gene combinations that are well adapted to environments
sexual reproduction—>fertilization and meiosis – involves production and growth of the flower, production and fertilization of gametes and development of embryo, seed, and fruit–
what are the advantages of sexual reproduction in flowering plants
new generic combinations in each generation; production of seeds which can disperse over a wide area and which are protected against adverse environmental conditions
what are the four types of floral organs (flower parts)
sepals—>usually small and green, calyx
petals—>usually larger than sepals and some color other than green,corolla
stamens—>male reproductive structure
carpel—>[pistil]female reproductive structure
what are the two functions of the perianth
[petals & sepals]—>production of reproductive parts; attraction of insets [inset pollination]
reason why angiosperms[flowering plants ] are thought to be more successful than gymnosperms
what two structures make up a stamen, where is pollen produced
filament—>the stalk
anther—>produces pollen grains
what three structures make up a carpel (pistil), where are ovules produced
stigma —>upper part, where pollen grains germinate
style—> the neck or stalk
ovary —>enlarged basal part where the ovules [immature seeds] develop
what is the difference between dicot and monocot flowers
monocots —> have flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3
dicots—>have flower parts in 4s or 5s or multiples of 4 or 5
what is the male gametophyte in angiosperms
inside the anthers, meiosis produces pollen grains containing 2 sperm—pollen grains will produce pollen tubes transferred by [wind, insets, humans] the pollen grains plus the pollen tube makes up the mature gametophyte body
what is the female gametophyte in angiosperms
inside the ovules in the ovary, meiosis produces megaspores, one of which will develop into the female gametophyte, called embryo sac which produces an egg and polar nuclei
what is pollination
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma where it germinates to form pollen tube
what is double fertilization
one sperm fertilizes the egg producing the zygote
the other sperm fuses with the 2 polar nuclei producing the endosperm;
then the zygote develops into a seed coat; the ovule has developed into a seed
what are the three parts of a seed
dormant embryo, food storage and seed coat
what does an ovule develop into, what does the ovary develop into
cotyledons—>also food storage areas
epicotyl—>embryonic stalk below the point of attachment of cotyledons
plumule—>at the tip of the epicotyl, grows into the shoot of need seedling
embryonic root [radicle]—>at the tip of the hypocotyls, grows into the root of the new seedling
what is the difference between dicot and monocot seeds
monocots —>one cotyledon
dicots —>two cotyledons
how can you tell the age of a woody stem internally and externally
internally: the secondary xylem [largest area of stem] is made up of a number of annual rings equal to the number of years the stem has lived. young woody stems would still have pith parenchyma in the center of the stem [decreases each year as the secondary xylem increases]
