chapter 28

Question 1

what is morphology, what is anatomy

Answer 1

morphology—>study of external structure

anatomy—>study of internal structure

Question 2

what are the three vegetative organs of a flowering plant

Answer 2

roots, stems & leaves [non reproductive]

Question 3

what are the two organ systems of a flowering plant

Answer 3

roots & shoots

Question 4

what are the three tissue systems of a plant (three types of permanent tissue)

Answer 4

dermal tissue system, vascular tissue system & ground tissue system

Question 5

how does dermal tissue function, what are two examples of dermal tissue

Answer 5

outside layers that protects the plant from harm [epidermis in young herbaceous plant parts & cork in older woody plant parts ]

Question 6

how does vascular tissue function, what are two examples of vascular tissue

Answer 6

provides support and long distance transport throughout the plant; [xylem which conducts water and minerals, phloem which conducts food]

Question 7

how does ground tissue function, what are three examples of ground tissue

Answer 7

fills in the spaces between dermal and vascular; [parenchyma often used for storage in roots and stems and for photosynthesis in leaves; collenchyma and sclerenchyma used for support]

Question 8

what are the two primary functions of roots

Answer 8

anchorage and absorption

Question 9

what are the three types of root origin

Answer 9

primary —> first root to develop when a seed germinates; develops from the radicle of the seed

secondary –>[branch or lateral roots] develop from the primary root

adventitious —> develop from some non-root tissue

Question 10

what type of root system is characteristic of dicots, what type of root system is characteristic of monocots

Answer 10

taproot system–> has one main root, none of secondary roots are larger than primary [dicots]

fibrous root system—> consists of a cluster of roots, all roots are about same size, primary root overgrown by secondary [monocots]

Question 11

what are the three types of root (and plant) duration

Answer 11

annual—>live for one growing seasonwhole life cycle[vegetative & reproductive] completed in one season

biennial —>live for two growing seasons — typically the first season is vegetative and second is reproductive

perennial—>live for three or more growing seasons

Question 12

describe the internal structure of roots

Answer 12

root cap—>region of loosely organized cells at the tip, covering and protecting the apical meristem; cells from meristem replace the root cap cells that wear away

zone of cell division [apical meristem]—> above root cap, cells are constantly dividing ad producing additional cells which results in growth in length—root grows from tip down

zone of elongation—>above the apical meristem, cells stop dividing and begin to enlarge and elongate, primary meristems—called protoderrm, procambium, and ground meristem—develop in this region

zone of maturation[root hair region]—> above the zone of elongation, the primary meristems mature and differentiate into dermal, vascular and ground tissues

Question 13

what are the two primary functions of stems

Answer 13

conduction & support

Question 14

what are the two types of vegetative buds on a stem, what is the function of each type of vegetative bud

Answer 14

terminal bud—>found at the tip; contain immature shoot tissue & upon becoming functional they produce additional growth of the stem lengthwise

lateral buds—>found along the sides of the stem; found between the stem and leaf; some do will not develop and eventually drop off the stem; produce side branchers; side branch development is stimulated by death or removal of terminal bud

Question 15

what are three reasons for pruning a plant

Answer 15

remove dead or diseased wood, restore the shoot/root balance after transplanting, & control shape of plant

Question 16

what are three differences between herbaceous and woody stems

Answer 16

herbacaceous–>soft, green, short-lived, cambium us not functional [no secondary growth occurs]

woody—> hard, brown, long-lived, cambium is functional [secondary growth occurs]

Question 17

describe the internal structure of stems

Answer 17

tubers—>short, thickened, terminal portions of rhizomes in which food is stored [irish potato]

bulbs—>enlarged fleshy underground buds that store food [onion]

stolons[runners]—>horizontal stems that grow along the surface of the soil and help spread the plant [strawberry plants]

Question 18

how does an herbaceous dicot stem differ from an herbaceous monocot stem

Answer 18

herbaceous stem—–
epidermis – outermost protective layer
cortex – region immediately inside of the epidermis, composed of thin-walled parenchyma with a smaller amount of thick-walled collenchyma in patches just inside the epidermis
pith – region in the center of the stem, also composed of parenchyma
vascular bundles – arranged in a ring [dicots characteristic] made of;
xylem – larger, thick-walled cells, located toward the inside stem
phloem – smaller, thinner walled cells, located toward the outside

monocot stem–
epidermis – outermost protective tissue
parenchyma – filling tissue that surrounds the vascular bundles
vascular bundles – scattered throughout the stem [monocots characteristic ] composed of ;
Xylem—larger, thick-walled cells
Phloem – smaller, thinner walled cells
Sclerenchyma sheath – supportive layer surrounding the bundle

Question 19

what is meristematic tissue

Answer 19

consists of undifferentiated cells that divide when conditions permit, generating new cells and tissues

Question 20

what are the two types of meristematic tissue and what type of growth does each produce

Answer 20

internal and external structure of woody dicot stems;—

cork—>several layers thick; dermal protective tissue that replaces epidermis

cork cambium—>inside the cork; produced the cork

cortex—>inside the cork cambium and composed of parenchyma

secondary phloem—>inside the cortex; produced by vascular cambium

vascular cambium—>largest area of the stem; made up of numerous annual rings equal to the number of years the stem lived

pith—>in a young woody stem there will still be some pith parenchyma in the center of the stem; decreases each year as the secondary xylem increases

Question 21

how can you tell the age of a woody stem internally and externally

Answer 21

internally: the secondary xylem [largest area of stem] is made up of a number of annual rings equal to the number of years the stem has lived. young woody stems would still have pith parenchyma in the center of the stem [decreases each year as the secondary xylem increases]

Question 22

what is the difference in function between heartwood and sapwood

Answer 22

heartwood—>dark xylem in the center of the stem due to water and mineral loss in older woody stems

sapwood—> lighter colored wood outside that continues to conduct water and minerals

Question 23

what is the primary function of leaves

Answer 23

photosynthesis; some leaves have secondary functions such as water and/or water storage; protection and water conservation—cactus spines; support—tendrils on climbing plants

Question 24

what are the two main leaf parts

Answer 24

blade—>thin, flat, expanded portion of leaf

petiole—>the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem

some leaves do not have petiole –called sessile leave*

Question 25

which type of venation is characteristic of dicots, which type of venation is characteristic of monocots

Answer 25

net venation—>veins branch and rebranch into smaller and smaller viens forming interconnected networks; supplies entire blade with vascular tissue [ dicot characteristic ] 2 types of net venation:
pinnate–one main vein [midrib] down the middle of the blade, smaller veins branch off
palmate—several main veins grown from a common point at the tip of petiole, smaller veins branch off

parallel venation—>veins run parallel to each other throughout the lentgth of the blade, do not form an interconnected network [ monocot characteristic ]

Question 26

what are the types of leaf duration

Answer 26

alternate –> one leaf per node
opposite –> two leaves per node
whorled —> three or more leaves per node

Question 27

describe the internal structure of leaves

Answer 27

cuticle—>thin, waxy, nonliving secretion of the epidermis, found more commonly on the upper epidermis
upper epidermissingle layer of protective tissue on the upper side of the leaf

mesophyll—>2 layers of the parenchyma [ground tissue ] located between the upper and lower epidermis:
palisade parenchyma—elongated, tightly packed cells, adjacent to the upper epidermis
spongy parenchyma – irregularly shaped loosely packed cells, adjacent to the lower epidermis, contains numerous intercellular spaces

veins—>vascular bundles interspersed throughout the mesophyll, composed of xylem and phloem

lower epidermis—>single layer of protective tissue on the lower side of the leaf

stomata—>pores in the epidermis, found more frequently in the lower epidermis [size of pore is controlled by changes in size and shape of the two guard cells on either side]

Question 28

describe an alternation of generations life cycle – (the sequence of development)

Answer 28

gametophytes [n] produce gametes that unite [fertilize] to form zygotes, which develop into new sporophytes[2n]. And sporophytes produce through meiosis to spores[n] that give rise to new gametophytes.

• *n-haploid
• *2n-diploid

Question 29

where does meiosis occur in an alternation of generations life cycle

Answer 29

the producing of spores from the sporophytes

Question 30

what is the first cell in a new sporophyte generation

Answer 30

spores

Question 31

what is the first cell in a new gametophyte generation

Answer 31

gametes

Question 32

what are the two events that characterize sexual reproduction

Answer 32

vegetative reproduction—>asexual; gives rise to a new individuals with identical generic make-up to parent [preventing gene combinations that are well adapted to environments

sexual reproduction—>fertilization and meiosis – involves production and growth of the flower, production and fertilization of gametes and development of embryo, seed, and fruit–

Question 33

what are the advantages of sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Answer 33

new generic combinations in each generation; production of seeds which can disperse over a wide area and which are protected against adverse environmental conditions

Question 34

what are the four types of floral organs (flower parts)

Answer 34

sepals—>usually small and green, calyx

petals—>usually larger than sepals and some color other than green,corolla

stamens—>male reproductive structure

carpel—>[pistil]female reproductive structure

Question 35

what are the two functions of the perianth

Answer 35

[petals & sepals]—>production of reproductive parts; attraction of insets [inset pollination]

reason why angiosperms[flowering plants ] are thought to be more successful than gymnosperms

Question 36

what two structures make up a stamen, where is pollen produced

Answer 36

filament—>the stalk

anther—>produces pollen grains

Question 37

what three structures make up a carpel (pistil), where are ovules produced

Answer 37

stigma —>upper part, where pollen grains germinate

style—> the neck or stalk

ovary —>enlarged basal part where the ovules [immature seeds] develop

Question 38

what is the difference between dicot and monocot flowers

Answer 38

monocots —> have flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3

dicots—>have flower parts in 4s or 5s or multiples of 4 or 5

Question 39

what is the male gametophyte in angiosperms

Answer 39

inside the anthers, meiosis produces pollen grains containing 2 sperm—pollen grains will produce pollen tubes transferred by [wind, insets, humans] the pollen grains plus the pollen tube makes up the mature gametophyte body

Question 40

what is the female gametophyte in angiosperms

Answer 40

inside the ovules in the ovary, meiosis produces megaspores, one of which will develop into the female gametophyte, called embryo sac which produces an egg and polar nuclei

Question 41

what is pollination

Answer 41

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma where it germinates to form pollen tube

Question 42

what is double fertilization

Answer 42

one sperm fertilizes the egg producing the zygote
the other sperm fuses with the 2 polar nuclei producing the endosperm;
then the zygote develops into a seed coat; the ovule has developed into a seed

Question 43

what are the three parts of a seed

Answer 43

dormant embryo, food storage and seed coat

Question 44

what does an ovule develop into, what does the ovary develop into

Answer 44

cotyledons—>also food storage areas

epicotyl—>embryonic stalk below the point of attachment of cotyledons

plumule—>at the tip of the epicotyl, grows into the shoot of need seedling

embryonic root [radicle]—>at the tip of the hypocotyls, grows into the root of the new seedling

Question 45

what is the difference between dicot and monocot seeds

Answer 45

monocots —>one cotyledon

dicots —>two cotyledons

Question 46

how can you tell the age of a woody stem internally and externally

Answer 46

internally: the secondary xylem [largest area of stem] is made up of a number of annual rings equal to the number of years the stem has lived. young woody stems would still have pith parenchyma in the center of the stem [decreases each year as the secondary xylem increases]