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Biology Ch. 18, 19, 20, 28, 29 > chapter 20 > Flashcards

chapter 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a community

A

consists of two or more populations of different species, living in the same geographic area and interacting with one another

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2
Q

what is mutualism, what are some examples

A

an interaction between two species in which both species benefit
[shrimp shares its burrow with golby for protection; insects receive food from plants while spreading pollen from plant to plant; bacteria digest the cellulose in termites while living in digestive track] plus//plus

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3
Q

what is predation, what are some examples

A

an interaction between species in which one species eploits another living species for food [hare and lynx] plus//minus

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4
Q

what are keystone predators

A

not necessarily abundant in a community, but they exert as strong effect on the community structure [sea star]

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5
Q

what are some prey defenses

A

camouflage, hiding, running away, gathering in large numbers, weaponry, chemical defenses, warning coloration

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6
Q

what is parasitism, what are some examples plus//minus

A

an interaction between species in which the parasite benefits at the expense of the host by living either within or on the host
[fungus & American elm] if too successful, leads to extinction
[rabbits & viruses in Australia] coevolution of both parasite and host

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7
Q

what is biological control

A

using one organism to control the numbers of another

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8
Q

what is competition, what is competitive exclusion – what are some examples minus/minus*

A

an interaction between populations living in a common environment and sharing a limited resource minus//minus

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9
Q

distinguish between habitat and niche

A

—>habitat – place where an organism lives

—>niche – the role than an organism plays in the place where it lives

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10
Q

distinguish between a fundamental niche and a realized niche

A

—>fundamental niche – the physical limits of tolerance of the organism

—>realized niche – that portion of the fundamental niche which is actually utilized, determined by the physical factors and competition

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11
Q

what is resource partitioning

A

closely related species avoiding excessive competition while sharing the same resource in different ways, areas or times

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12
Q

distinguish between interspecific competition and intraspecific competition

A

—>intraspecific – within a single species

—>interspecific – between different species

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13
Q

what is territoriality

A

individual or groups that claim a geographic area by defending it against intruders intraspecific competition

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14
Q

what is ecological succession

A

the slow process whereby one community of plants and animals replaces another —- typically very slow process

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15
Q

distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession

A

—>primary succession – establishes new communities in new previously unoccupied surfaces [bare rock, sand, bare soil]

—>secondary succession – the recovery of a once-vegetated area as it grows again towards climax [forest fires, volcanic eruptions]

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16
Q

what are the stages of invasion in ecological succession

A

migration —>establishment —>aggregation —>competition

17
Q

what is a climax community

A

the terminal stage to which a plant community develops under a stable climate

18
Q

what is the climax community of this region

A

oak, hickory, beech, maple

19
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

community of plants and animals plus their non-living environment through which energy flows and minerals cycle

20
Q

what are the abiotic components of an ecosystem

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals, continuous supply of energy

21
Q

what are the biotic components of an ecosystem

A

producers, consumers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers(detritivores)

22
Q

what is a food chain,

A

series of organisms, each of which is eaten by the next

23
Q

what is a food web

A

interconnected with one another in an overall pattern

24
Q

what is a trophic level

A

the feeding level in a food chain to which an organism belongs

25
Q

why are energy conversions in an ecosystem never 100% efficient

A

the amount of energy at each level that is available to be passed on is reduced because large amounts of energy loss [wastes; heat energy] therefore, there is not enough left to be passed on

26
Q

what limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem

A

limited amount of energy, not all food in one trophic is eaten and not all eaten food is useful [nutrients]
[on average, animals convert only 10% of energy they consume into new animal growth]

27
Q

what is a pyramid of energy

A

the flow of energy through an ecosystem

28
Q

what is productivity

A

the amount of organic matter produced by the members of a given trophic level during a given period pf time

29
Q

which ecosystem contributes the most to the Earth’s net primary productivity

A

open oceans

30
Q

what are biogeochemical cycles

A

the movement of nutrient elements through an ecosystem by physical and biological processes

31
Q

what are the two general types of biogeochemical cycles

A

–>sedimentary –major reservoir is some sedimentary material such as soil, rocks or water

–>atmospheric(gaseous) – major reservoir is the atmosphere

32
Q

describe three examples of biogeochemical cycles

A

carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle [Hubbard Experimental Forest, forest cutting experiment] water cycle, & phosphorus cycle

33
Q

why are decomposers important in the biogeochemical cycles

A

they are responsible for the breakdown and return of nutrients back into the environment

34
Q

what do scientists think is the main cause of global warming

A

(humans) pollution of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere

35
Q

describe the water cycle, what are the three phases of the water cycle

A

evaporation, precipitation, runoff

36
Q

what is acid rain

A

sulfur and nitrogen mixed compounds (sulfuric acid) with water in the atmosphere

37
Q

what is pollution

A

wastes that are not destroyed as fast as they are produced or cannot be bio-degraded by the decomposers

38
Q

distinguish between primary productivity and secondary productivity

A

primary productivity – rate at which energy is stored in organic matter by photosynthesis in producers
*gross primary productivity minus respiration = net primary productivity

secondary productivity – rate of formation of new organic matter by heterotrophs

Biology Ch. 18, 19, 20, 28, 29 (5 decks)

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