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Biol235 Quiz 6 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

accessory sex glands vs supporting structures

A

produce substances that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement
vs
the penis in males and the uterus in females, assist the delivery of gametes

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2
Q

raphe

A

medium ridge separating scrotum into lateral portions

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3
Q

scrotal septum

A

internally divides scrotum into two compartments, each containing a single testis
made up of subcutaneous and muscle tissue called dartos muscle

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4
Q

dartos muscle

A

smooth muscle making up part of scrotal septum

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5
Q

cremaster muscle

A

a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend as an extension
of the internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes

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6
Q

what muscles/ how do they contract to keep sperm warm

A

cremaster: moves testes closer to body
dartos muscle:: causes scrotum to tighten (wrinkled)

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7
Q

what temp is sperm stored at

A

2-3 C below core body temp

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8
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

serous membrane which is derived from the peritoneum and forms during the descent of testes, partially covers the testes

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9
Q

hydrocele

A

collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis caused by injury or inflammation of the epididymis

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10
Q

tunica albuginea

A

internal to tunica vaginalis
white fibrous capsule composed of DICT extends inward to form septa that divide testis into lobules

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11
Q

lobules

A

series of internal compartments ot testis
Each of the 200–300 lobules has 1-3 tightly coiled tubules, the seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced

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12
Q

seminiferous tubules where, what, function, 2 types of cells

A

1-3 in each lobule
tightly coiled tubules where sperm are produced
spermatogenic cells: sperm-forming cells
sustentacular/sertoli cells: function in supporting spermatogenesis

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13
Q

spermatogenesis

A

The process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm

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14
Q

spermatogonia what, develop from

A

stem cells that develop from primordial germ cells that arise from the yolk sac and enter the testes during the fifth week of development

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15
Q

In the embryonic testes, the ______ _____ cells differentiate into spermatogonia, which remain dormant during childhood and actively begin producing sperm at ______. Toward the lumen of the ______ _____ are layers of progressively more mature cells. In order of advancing maturity, these are ______ spermatocytes, ______ spermatocytes, _______, and _____ ____. After a sperm cell, or spermatozoon has formed, it is released into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubule.

A

primordial germ
puberty
seminiferous tubule
primary
secondary
spermatids
sperm cells

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16
Q

sustentacular cells or Sertoli cell (where, extend from/to, functions (6))

A

Embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules
extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule

  1. nourish spermatocytes, spermatids,
    and sperm
  2. phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds
  3. control movements of spermatogenic cells and the release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
  4. produce fluid for sperm transport
  5. secrete the hormone inhibin,
  6. regulate the effects of testosterone and FSH
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17
Q

blood-testis barrier

A

tight junctions between neighbouring sustentacular cells form this barrier

isolating the developing gametes
from the blood, prevents an immune response against the spermatogenic cell’s surface antigens, which are “foreign” to the immune system.

does not include spermatogonia

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18
Q

interstitial/leydig cells (where, secrete)

A

in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules
secrete testosterone

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19
Q

androgen

A

hormone that promotes development of masculine characteristics

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20
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take

A

65-75 days

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21
Q

primary vs secondary spermatocytes vs spermatids (chromosomes, undergo, develop from)

A

diploid (46 chromosomes), undergo meiosis I, develop from spermatogonia
vs
haploid (23 chromosomes), undergo meiosis II, develop from primary spermatocytes
vs
haploid, undergo spermiogenesis, develop from secondary spermatocytes

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22
Q

spermiogenesis

A

development of haploid spermatids into sperm
An acrosome forms atop the nucleus, which condenses/elongates, a flagellum develops, and mitochondria multiply

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23
Q

spermiation

A

event where sperm are released fro. sustentacular cells

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24
Q

Each day about ________ sperm complete the process of spermatogenesis

A

300 million

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25
Q

parts of sperm (3)

A

head: contains nucleus with 23 highly condensed chromosomes
acrosome: covers ant 2/3 of head, filled with enzymes to help sperm penetrate
tail: has 4 parts

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26
Q

4 parts of a sperm tail

A

neck: constricted region behind the head,contains centrioles=from microtubules compromising rest of tail

middle piece: contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral=provide ATP for locomotion to site of fertilization/sperm metabolism

principal piece: longest

end piece: terminal, tapering

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27
Q

how long do sperm live in female repro tract

A

less than 48 hours

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28
Q

at puberty certain ______ ______ cells increase their secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). This hormone in
turn stimulates _______ in the _______ ______ to increase their secretion of the two gonadotropins, ______ _____ and ______-_____ _______

A

hypothalamic
neurosecretory
gonadotrophs
ant pituitary
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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29
Q

LH stimulates what and secretes/where

A

interstitial cells located between seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone

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30
Q

testosterone inhibits what (2) and by

A

LH by ant pituitary gonadotrophs
GnRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

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31
Q

In some target cells, such as those in the external genitals and prostate, the enzyme __-_____ ______ converts testosterone to another androgen called __________ (___)

A

5 alpha-reductase
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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32
Q

FSH acts indirectly to stimulate _______

A

spermatogenesis

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33
Q

FSH and testosterone act synergistically on the ______ cells to stimulate secretion of _____-_____ _____ into the lumen of the _________ ______ and into the interstitial fluid around the _________ ______

A

sustentacular
androgen-binding protein (ABP)
seminiferous tubules
spermatogenic cells

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34
Q

ABH function

A

binds to testosterone to keep its concentration high

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35
Q

Testosterone stimulates the final steps of __________ in the _________ ______

A

spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules

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36
Q

what is released once the degree of spermatogenesis required
for male reproductive functions has been achieved and by what

A

sustentacular cells release inhibin

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37
Q

inhibin function

A

inhibiting FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary

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38
Q

The hormone–receptor complex regulates _____ _______, turning
some _____ on and others off

A

gene expression
genes

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39
Q

androgen effects (4)

A
  1. prenatal development: before birth, testosteron stimulates male development of repro system ducts/descent of testes; Dihydrotestosterone stimulates development of external genitals
  2. Development of male sexual characteristics: At puberty, dihdro/testosterone bring about development/enlargement of the male sex organs + development of masculine secondary sexual characteristics
  3. Development of sexual function: contributes to male sexual behaviour and spermatogenesis and sex drive
  4. Stimulation of anabolism: stimulate protein synthesis (more muscle)
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40
Q

show steps in negative feedback control of increasing testosterone

A

receptors: cells in hypothalamus that secrete GnRH secrete less
CC: ant pituitary gonadotrophs secrete less LH
effectors: interstitial (Lydig) cells in testes secrete less testosterone

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41
Q

Pressure generated by the fluid secreted by ________ cells pushes sperm and fluid along the lumen of
________ _______ and then into a series of very short ducts called _______ _____. The _____ ______ lead to a network of ducts in the testis called the ____ ____ From the ____ ____, sperm move into a series of coiled efferent ducts
in the ________ that empty into a single tube called the _____ ______.

A

sustentacular
seminiferous tubules
straight tubules
straight tubules
rete testis
rete testis
epididymis
ductus epidiymis

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42
Q

epididymis along what border of each testes

A

curves along superior and posterior

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43
Q

The _______ ducts from the testis join the ductus epididymis at the larger, superior portion of the epididymis called the _____. The ____ is the narrow midportion of the epididymis, and the ____ is the smaller, inferior portion. At its distal end, the tail of the epididymis continues as the _____ (___) _______.

A

efferent
head
body
tail
ductus (vas) deferens

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44
Q

histology of ductus deferens

A

lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and encircled by layers of smooth muscle
contain stereocilia (branching microvilli) to increase reabsorption of degenerated sperm

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45
Q

Functionally, the epididymis is the site of _____ ______, the process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum. This occurs over a period of about ___ days. The epididymis also helps propel sperm into the ______ ______ during sexual arousal by peristaltic contraction of its SM. In addition, the epididymis stores sperm, which remain viable here for up to _____ _____. Any stored sperm that are not ejaculated by that time are eventually _______.

A

sperm maturation
14
ductus deferens
several months
reabsorbed

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46
Q

Within the tail of the epididymis, the ductus epididymis becomes less convoluted, and its diameter increases. Beyond this point, the duct is known as the _____ ______

A

ductus deferens

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47
Q

ductus deferens length/location

A

45 cm
ascends along the posterior border
of the epididymis through the spermatic cord and then enters the
pelvic cavity. There it loops over the ureter and passes over the side
and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder

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48
Q

ampulla of ductus deferens

A

dilated terminal portion

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49
Q

The mucosa of the ductus deferens consists of _______ _______ _____
and ______ ______ (______ __). The muscularis has 3 layers of smooth muscle; the inner and outer layers are _______, and the middle layer is ______

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium
lamina propria
areolar CT
longitudinal
circular

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50
Q

ductus deferens function (2)

A

conveys sperm from epididymis toward urethra through peristaltic contractions of SM
can store for several months before ejaculation/reabsorption

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51
Q

spermatic cord consists of (6)

A
  1. ductus (vas) deferens
  2. testicular artery
  3. veins that drain the testis and carry testosterone into circulation
  4. autonomic nerves
  5. lymphatic vessels
  6. cremastermuscle
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52
Q

what passes through inguinal canal

A

spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve

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53
Q

where does inguinal canal begin and end

A

begin: deep (abdominal) inguinal ring - slitlike opening in the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle

end: superficial (subcutaneous) inguinal ring - somewhat triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

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54
Q

variocele

A

refers to a swelling in the scrotum due to a dilation of the veins that drain the testes
usually more apparent when standing/doesn’t require treatment

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55
Q

ejaculatory duct formed by

A

union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus
deferens

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56
Q

The short ejaculatory ducts form just _____ to the base (superior portion) of the prostate and pass _____ and _____ through the prostate. They terminate in the _____ _____, where they eject ____ and ______ _____ _____ just before the release of semen from the urethra to the exterior

A

superior
inferiorly
anteriorly
prostatic urethra
sperm
seminal vesicle secretions

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57
Q

male urethra 3 parts

A

prostatic urethra: through prostate
intermediate urethra: through deep muscles of perineum
spongy urethra: through penis

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58
Q

seminal vesicle location

A

posterior to base of bladder and anterior to rectum

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59
Q

seminal vesicle secretes

A

alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose (a monosaccharide sugar), prostaglandins, and clotting proteins that are different from those in blood

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60
Q

function of seminal vesicle secretions (4)

A

alakinity: neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra/female reproductive tract that otherwise would inactivate/kill sperm

fructose: ATP production by sperm

prostoglandins: contribute to sperm motility and viability and may
stimulate smooth muscle contractions within the female reproductive
tract

clotting proteins: help semen coagulate after ejaculation to prevent leaking out of vagina

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61
Q

Fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles
normally constitutes about ___% of the volume of semen

A

60%

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62
Q

The prostate slowly increases in size from birth to puberty. It then expands rapidly until about age __, after which time its size typically remains stable until about age __, when further enlargement may occur, constricting the ____ and interfering with urine flow

A

30
45
urethra

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63
Q

The prostate secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid (pH about ___) that contains several substances. (1) _____ ____in used by sperm for ATP production via the ____ ____. (2) Several proteolytic enzymes, such as ____-_____ ______, ______, ______, ______, and ________, eventually break down the
clotting proteins from the seminal vesicles. (3) The function of the
____ _______ secreted by the prostate is unknown. (4) ___________ in prostatic fluid is an antibiotic that can destroy naturally occurring bacteria in semen and in the lower female reproductive tract.

A

6.5
citric acid
Krebs cycle
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
pepsinogen
lysozyme
amylase
hyaluronidase
acid phosphatase
Seminalplasmin

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64
Q

Secretions of the prostate enter the prostatic urethra through many ______ _____. Prostatic secretions make up about ___ of the volume of
semen and contribute to sperm ______ and ______

A

prostatic ducts
25%
motility
viability

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65
Q

bulbourethral glands AKA

A

cowper’s glands

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66
Q

bulbourethral glands size

A

peas

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67
Q

bulbourethral gland location

A

inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra within deep muscles of the perineum, and ducts open into spongy urethra

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68
Q

During sexual arousal, the bulbourethral glands secrete an alkaline fluid into the _____ that protects the passing sperm by ______ _____ from urine in the urethra. They also secrete _____ that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra, decreasing the number of
sperm ______ during _____. Some males release a drop or two of this mucus upon sexual arousal and erection. The fluid does not contain _____ cells

A

urethra
neutralizing acids
mucus
damaged
ejaculation
sperm

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69
Q

Semen is a mixture of _____ and ______ ______, a liquid that consists of the secretions of the ______ _____, ______ ______, ________, and _______ ______. The volume of semen in a typical ejaculation is _____ mL, with ______ sperm per mL. When the number falls below ________/mL, the male is likely to be infertile

A

sperm
seminal fluid
seminiferous tubules
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands
2.5-5
50-150 million
20 million

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70
Q

Despite the slight acidity of ______ _____, semen has a slightly alkaline pH of _____ due to the higher pH and larger volume of fluid from the ______ ______. The ______ _____ gives semen a milky appearance, and fluids from the _______ ______ and _______ _______ give it a sticky consistency.

A

prostatic fluid
7.2-7.7
seminal vesicles
prostatic secretion
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral glands

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71
Q

semen function (3)

A

Seminal fluid provides sperm with a transportation medium, nutrients, and protection from the hostile acidic environment of the male’s urethra and the female’s vagina

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72
Q

time and what makes sperm coagulate/reliquify

A

coagulate: 5 minutes due to clotting proteins from seminal vesicle

reliquify: 10-20 mins due to prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) and other proteolytic enzymes from prostate

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73
Q

Aft er passing through the uterus and uterine tube, the sperm are affected by secretions of the uterine tube in a process called _______

A

capacitation

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74
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous tissue surrounding each of the three cylindrical masses of tissue making up the body of the penis

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75
Q

corpora cavernosa penis

A

2 dorsolateral masses of body of penis

76
Q

corpus spongiosum penis

A

middle smaller mass of body of penis, contains spongy urethra and keeps it open during ejaculation

77
Q

The body of the penis is composed of three cylindrical masses of tissue, each surrounded by fibrous tissue called the ______ ______. The two dorsolateral masses are called the ______ ______ ______. The smaller midventral mass, the ______ ______ ______, contains the
_______ ______ and keeps it open during ejaculation. Skin and a subcutaneous layer enclose all three masses, which consist of ______ _______.

A

tunica albuginea
corpora cavernosa penis
corpus spongiosum penis
spongy urethra
erectile tissue

78
Q

what is erectile tissue

A

Erectile tissue is composed of numerous blood sinuses (vascular
spaces) lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle
and elastic CT

79
Q

glans penis

A

distal corpus spongiosum penis, acorn shape

80
Q

corona

A

margin of glans penis

81
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin

82
Q

root of the penis consists of

A

bulb of the penis: expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum penis
crura of the penis: two separated and tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa penis

83
Q

The root of the penis is the attached portion. It consists of the _____ of the penis, the expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum penis, and the _____ of the
penis, the two separated and tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa penis

A

bulb
crura

84
Q

The weight of the penis is supported by two ligaments that are continuous with the fascia of the penis and where they arise from

A
  1. fundiform ligament: arises from the inferior part of the linea alba
  2. suspensory ligament of the penis: arises from the pubic symphysis
85
Q

erection. happens how

A

psymp fiberss in sacral region stimulated=produce/release nitric oxide=arterioles dilate=more blood flow
+
nitric oxide causes SM to relax=widens blood sinuses/compresses veins

86
Q

coitus

A

sexual intercourse

87
Q

priapism

A

persistent and usually painful erection of the penis that does not involve sexual desire or excitement

88
Q

ejaculation is a symp reflex coordinated by

A

lumbar SC

89
Q

emmission

A

discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculation

90
Q

what 2 things do the ovaries produce

A
  1. gametes: secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova
  2. hormones: progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, relaxin
91
Q

mesovarium

A

portion of broad ligament (fold of parietal peritoneum) of uterus that suspend the ovaries

92
Q

ovarian ligament

A

anchors ovaries to uterus

93
Q

suspensory ligament

A

attaches ovaries to pelvic wall

94
Q

ovarian mesothelium/surface epithelium

A

simple epi ( low cube/squam) covers entire ovary

95
Q

tunica albuginea

A

whitish capsule of DICT, immediately deep to ovarian mesothelium

96
Q

ovarian cortex

A

region just deep to the tunica
albuginea
consists of ovarian follicles
surrounded by DICT that contains
collagen fibers and stromal cells.

97
Q

ovarian medulla

A

deep to the ovarian cortex

the border between the cortex and medulla is indistinct, but the
medulla consists of more loosely arranged CT and contains BV, LV, and nerves.

98
Q

ovarian follicles (location, consists of, two names in what stages, function of surrounding cells)

A

cortex and
consist of oocytes in various stages of development, plus the cells surrounding them.
surrounding cells form a single
layer=follicular cells
form several layers= granulosa cells

The surrounding cells nourish the
developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger

99
Q

mature (graafian) follicle

A

large, fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture/expel secondary oocyte (ovulation)

100
Q

corpus luteum

A

contains the remnants of a
mature follicle after ovulation
produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates
into fibrous scar tissue called the corpus albicans

101
Q

oogenesis (what/starts when)

A

formation of gametes in the ovaries, begins before even born

102
Q

oogonia (what/arise from)

A

germ cells differentiate to become these
diploid (2n) stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells

103
Q

primary oocytes (develop from, enter what stage of meiosis __ and when does that start/end)

A

develop from oogonia
enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete
that phase until after puberty

104
Q

primordial follicle (what, when)

A

primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells during primary oocytes arrested stage of development (before puberty)

105
Q

At birth, approximately _______ to _______ primary oocytes remain in each ovary. Of these, about ______ are still present at puberty, and around ______ will mature and ovulate during a woman’s reproductive lifetime. The remainder of the primary oocytes undergo ______

A

200,000
2,000,000
40,000
400
atresia

106
Q

what develops into primary follicles

A

primordial follicles

107
Q

primary follicles consist of

A

primary oocyte that is surrounded in a later stage of development by several layers of cub/low colum cells called granulosa cells

108
Q

zona pellucida (what/where)

A

clear glycoprotein layer around primary follicle
located between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells

109
Q

stromal cells surrounding the basement membrane of a primary follicle begin to form an organized layer called the ______ ______

A

theca folliculi

110
Q

what happens when a primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle in terms of theca folliculi, and 2 things about granulosa cells

A
  1. theca interna: highly vascularized internal layer of cuboidal secretory cells that secrete androgens
    2.theca externa: outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers

granulosa cells begin to secrete follicular fluid, which builds up in a cavity called the antrum in the center of the secondary follicle.
The innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes firmly attached to the zona pellucida and is now called the corona radiata

111
Q

corona radiata

A

innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes attached to zona pellucida when a primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle and is now known as this

112
Q

what happens in a mature (graafian) follicle right before ovulation

A

diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis I, producing two haploid (n) cells of unequal size (each with 23 chromosomes) known as a first polar body (smaller) and secondary oocyte

113
Q

first polar body vs secondary oocyte

A

packet of discarded nuclear material vs
vs
larger cell that receives most of the cytoplasm

114
Q

what happens once a secondary oocyte is formed and what is the response of the mature follicle

A

begins meiosis II but then stops in metaphase.
The mature (graafian) follicle soon ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte (ovulation)

115
Q

what is expelled into the pelvic cavity during ovulation

A

secondary oocyte, first polar body, and corona radiata

116
Q

when would meiosis II occur

A

if sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte in the uterine tube

117
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte during meiosis II (after sperm penetrates)

A

splits into two haploid cells, again of unequal size.
larger cell: ovum/mature egg
smaller: second polar bod

The nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum then unite, forming a diploid zygote

118
Q

one primary oocyte gives rise to ____ gamete(s) (ovum/ova)
vs
one primary spermatocyte produces ____ gamete(s) (sperm)

A

one
four

119
Q

Diploid cells (2n) have __ chromosomes; haploid cells (n) have __ chromosomes

A

46
23

120
Q

infundibulum

A

funnel-shaped portions of each fallopian tube, close to ovary but open to pelvic cavity

121
Q

frimbriae

A

fingerlike projections on end of fallopian tube attached to lateral end of ovary

122
Q

ampulla of uterine tube

A

widest, longest portion, making up about the lateral 2/3 of its length

123
Q

isthmus of uterine tube

A

medial, short, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins the uterus

124
Q

what types of cells make up the epithelium of the mucosa of the uterine tubes

A

ciliated simple columnar epithelium: functions as a “ciliary conveyor belt” to help move a fertilized ovum

peg cells (nonciliated): have microvilli and secrete a fluid that provides nutrition for the ovum

125
Q

3 layers of uterine tube (in to out)

A

mucosa
muscularis
serosa

126
Q

what is the layers of the muscularis of the uterine tubes

A

inner, thick, circular ring of smooth
muscle and an outer, thin region of longitudinal smooth muscle

127
Q

Fertilization can occur up to about __ hours after ovulation.

A

24

128
Q

zygote arrives in the uterus ____ days after ovulation

A

6-7

129
Q

Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus include (1) a dome shaped portion sup to the uterine tubes called the ______, (2) a tapering central portion called the _____, and (3) an inferior narrow
portion called the _____. Between the
body of the uterus and the cervix is the ______, a constricted region about 1 cm (0.5 in.) long. The interior of the body of the uterus is called the _____ _____, and the interior of the cervix is called
the ______ _____. The cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity at the _____ ____ and into the vagina at
the ______ ____

A

fundus
body
cervix
isthmus
uterine cavity
cervical canal
internal os
external os

130
Q

Normally, the body of the uterus projects ______ and ______ over the urinary bladder in a position called ______

A

anteriorly
superiorly
anteflexion

131
Q

The cervix projects ______ and _______ and enters the anterior wall of the vagina at nearly a right angle

A

inferiorly
posteriorly

132
Q

The paired ______ ligaments
are double folds of peritoneum attaching the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity. The paired _______ ligaments, also peritoneal extensions, lie, on either side of the rectum and
connect the uterus to the sacrum. The ______ ligaments are located inferior to the bases of the broad ligaments
and extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina. The _____ ligaments are bands of fibrous CT between the layers of the broad ligament; they extend from a point on the uterus just inferior to the uterine tubes to portion of the labia majora of the external genitalia

A

broad
uterosacral
cardinal
round

133
Q

3 tissue layers of uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

134
Q

perimetrium (serosa) of uterus (part of what, composed of, lat/ant/post becomes what)

A

part of the visceral peritoneum
composed of simple squamous epi and
areolar CT
Laterally=becomes broad ligament
Anteriorly= forms vesicouterine pouch Posteriorly= forms rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)

135
Q

myometrium of uterus

A

3 layers
middle circular, in/outer longitudinal

136
Q

3 components of endometrium

A
  1. Innermost layer composed of simple columnar epi (ciliated and secretory cells) lines the lumen
  2. underlying endometrial stroma is a very thick region of lamina propria
  3. endometrial (uterine) glands develop as invaginations of the luminal epithelium and extend almost to the myometrium
137
Q

The endometrium is divided into two layers. The ______ ______ lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation. The deeper layer,
the ______ _____, is permanent and gives rise to a new ______ _______ after each menstruation

A

stratum functionalis
stratum basalis
stratum functionalis

138
Q

blood supply to uterus (6)

A

uterine arteries: branches of internal iliac artery

arcuate arteries: circular arrangement in myometrium

radial arteries: penetrate into deep myometrium

straight arterioles: supply stratum basalis

spiral arterioles: supply stratum functionals

uterine veins: drain blood into internal iliac veins

  • radial branch into straight and spiral
139
Q

cervical mucus is a mixture of and produced by

A

water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts
produced by secretory cells of mucosa of cervix

140
Q

capicitation

A

series of functional changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract before they can fertilize a secondary oocyte
sperm tail beats more vigorously; prepares sperm PM to fuse with oocytes PM

141
Q
A
141
Q

Cervical mucus is more hospitable to sperm at or near the time of ovulation because it is then less ______ and more ______ (pH _____)

A

viscous
alkaline (8.5)

142
Q

fonix

A

recess in vagina around cervix

143
Q

The mucosa of the vagina is continuous with that of the uterus Histologically, it consists of ______ _____ _____ epithelium and ______ connective tissue that lies in a series of transverse folds called _____

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous
areolar
rugae

144
Q

stores of glycogen in mucosa of vagina do what

A

produce acids to stop microbial growth but also are harmful to sperm

145
Q

muscularis of vagina

A

inner circular outer longitudinal

146
Q

the adventita, the superficial layer of the vagina, consists of ______ _____ ____. It anchors the vagina to adjacent organs such as the ______ and ______ _____ anteriorly and the ______ and _____ _____ posteriorly

A

areolar CT
urethra
urinary bladder
rectum
anal canal

147
Q

pudendum AKA

A

vulva

148
Q

what makes up the vulva

A

mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vestibule
bulb of vestibule

149
Q

labia majora are homologous to the

A

scrotum

150
Q

The labia minora are homologous to the spongy (penile) urethra.

A

spongy (penile) urethra

151
Q

The clitoris is homologous to the

A

glans penis

152
Q

The paraurethral glands are homologous to the

A

prostate

153
Q

The greater vestibular glands are homologous to the

A

bulbourethral glands

154
Q

The bulb of the vestibule is homologous to the

A

corpus spongiosum and bulb of the penis

155
Q

paraurethral vs greater vestibular (Bartholin’s glands)

A

mucus-secreting glands embedded in the wall of the urethra
vs
between hymen and labia minora; secrete mucus upon arousal

156
Q

perineum consists of what triangles

A

urogenital triangle and anal triangle

157
Q

A mammary gland consists of ______ lobes, or compartments, separated by a variable amount of adipose tissue. In each lobe are several smaller
compartments called ______, composed of grapelike clusters of milk-secreting glands termed ______ embedded in connective tissue. Contraction of _________ cells surrounding the alveoli helps propel milk toward the nipples

A

15-20
lobules
alveoli
myoepithelial

158
Q

When milk is being produced, it passes from the alveoli into a series of _____ ____ and then into the mammary ducts. Near the nipple, the mammary ducts expand slightly to
form sinuses called _____ sinuses, where some milk may be stored before draining into a ______ duct. Each
lactiferous duct typically carries milk from one of the lobes to the exterior.

A

secondary tubules
lactiferous
lactiferous

159
Q

milk production stimulated by

A

mainly prolactin (anterior pituitary) plus some progesterone/estrogen

160
Q

milk ejection stimulated by

A

oxytocin (posterior pituitary) in response to infant sucking

161
Q

ovarian vs uterine cycle vs female reproductive cycle

A

series of events in ovaries that occur during/after maturation of an oocyte
vs
changes in the endometrium to prepare for a fertilized ovum
vs
ovarian and uterine cycles+hormonal changes that regulate them/related cyclical changes in the breasts/cervix

162
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the ______ controls the ovarian and uterine cycles. GnRH stimulates the release of _______-______ _____ (____) and ______ ______ (___) from the ______ pituitary

A

hypothalamus
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
anterior

163
Q

At least ____ different estrogens have been isolated from the plasma of human females, but only ___ are present in significant quantities: ______-_____, ______, ______. In a nonpregnant woman, the most abundant estrogen is ______, which is synthesized from ______ in the ovaries

A

six
three
beta (β)-estradiol, estrone, and estriol
β-estradiol
cholesterol

164
Q

five functions of estrogens

A
  1. promote development/maintenance of female repro structures, secondary sex characteristics, breasts
  2. stimulate protein anabolism (including bone) = synergistic with hGH
  3. lower blood cholesterol
  4. stimulate proliferation of stratum basalis to make new stratum functionalis after menstruation
  5. in blood, inhibit release of GnRH (hypT) and secretion of FSH/LH (ant pit)
165
Q

progesterone secreted by/function (2)

A

secreted mainly by cells of corpus luteum
cooperates with estrogens to prepare/maintain the endometrium
for implantation of a fertilized ovum + prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion
High levels also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH

166
Q

relaxin produced by/function

A

produced by the corpus luteum
relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium

167
Q

inhibin secreted by/function

A

secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation
inhibits secretion of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH

168
Q

menstrual phase events in the ovaries

A

under FSH influence, several primordial follicles develop into primary follicles then secondary follicles
can take several months

169
Q

menstrual phase events in the uterus

A

menstrual flow=50–150 mL of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells shed from the endometrium
declining P & E levles=release prostalgadins=spiral arterioles constrtict=cells die

170
Q

female reproductive phases names/length

A

total 24-36 days

menstrual: 5 days
preovulatory: day 6-13
ovulation: day 14
postovulatory: day 15-28

171
Q

preovulatory events in ovaries

A

some secondary follicles secrete estrogens/inhibin
dominant follicle (biggest) forms=secrete E/I= inhibit FSH=other cells degenerate
dominant follicle develops into mature follicle

172
Q

follicular phase

A

menstruation and preovulatory phase together as follicles are growing

173
Q

preovulatory events in the uterus

A

follicles release estrogens=repair endometrium

174
Q

preovulatory phase AKA

A

proliferative phase as endometrium is proliferating

175
Q

The high levels of ______ during the last part of the preovulatory phase exert a positive feedback effect on the cells that secrete ___ and ___ and cause ovulation

A

estrogens
LH
GnRH

176
Q

how does ovulation happen (positive feedback effect)

A
  1. high level estrogens=more frequent release of GnRH from hypoT + stimulates gonadotrophs in ant pit to secrete LH
  2. GnRH promotes release of FSH and more LH by ant pit
  3. LH=rupture of mature follicle and expulsion of secondary oocyte 9 hours after peak LH
177
Q

mittelschmerz

A

pain due to blood leaking from an oocyte failing to enter uterine tube and disintegrates in pelvic cavity

178
Q

postovulatory phase events in uterus (before fertilization happens or not)

A

blood clot forms due to rupture of corpus luteum, follicle becomes corpus hemorrhagicum
corpus luteum stimulated by LH=secretes progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin

179
Q

postovulatory phase in the uterus with and without fertilization

A

not: life span 2 weeks = degernates into corpus albicans; levels of P&E + inhibin decrease=release of GnRH, FSH, and LH rises=new ovarian cycle

fertilized: hCG produced by chorion of embryo 8 days after fertilization, stimulates secretory activity of corpus luteum

180
Q

postovulatory phase in the uterus

A

P&E produced by the corpus luteum promote growth/coiling of the endometrial glands, vascularization of the superficial endometrium, and thickening of the endometrium to 12–18 mm
endometrial glands secrete glycogen

181
Q

luteal phase and secretory phase

A

both in postovulatory phase

luteal: follicle=corpus hemorrhagicum; corpus luteum secretes P/E/I
secretory: endometrial glands secrete glycogen

182
Q

transudation

A

When the CT of the vagina becomes
engorged with blood, lubricating fluid oozes from the capillaries and seeps through the epithelial lining via a process called transudation

183
Q

Whereas females may experience
two or more orgasms in rapid succession, males enter a _____ _____, a recovery time during which a second ejaculation and orgasm is physiologically impossible

A

refractory period

184
Q

four phases of sexual repsonse

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Biol235 Quiz 6 (5 decks)

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