Chapter 28 Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
accessory sex glands vs supporting structures
A
produce substances that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement
vs
the penis in males and the uterus in females, assist the delivery of gametes
2
Q
raphe
A
medium ridge separating scrotum into lateral portions
3
Q
scrotal septum
A
internally divides scrotum into two compartments, each containing a single testis
made up of subcutaneous and muscle tissue called dartos muscle
4
Q
dartos muscle
A
smooth muscle making up part of scrotal septum
5
Q
cremaster muscle
A
a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend as an extension
of the internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes
6
Q
what muscles/ how do they contract to keep sperm warm
A
cremaster: moves testes closer to body
dartos muscle:: causes scrotum to tighten (wrinkled)
7
Q
what temp is sperm stored at
A
2-3 C below core body temp
8
Q
tunica vaginalis
A
serous membrane which is derived from the peritoneum and forms during the descent of testes, partially covers the testes
9
Q
hydrocele
A
collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis caused by injury or inflammation of the epididymis
10
Q
tunica albuginea
A
internal to tunica vaginalis
white fibrous capsule composed of DICT extends inward to form septa that divide testis into lobules
11
Q
lobules
A
series of internal compartments ot testis
Each of the 200–300 lobules has 1-3 tightly coiled tubules, the seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced
12
Q
seminiferous tubules where, what, function, 2 types of cells
A
1-3 in each lobule
tightly coiled tubules where sperm are produced
spermatogenic cells: sperm-forming cells
sustentacular/sertoli cells: function in supporting spermatogenesis
13
Q
spermatogenesis
A
The process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm
14
Q
spermatogonia what, develop from
A
stem cells that develop from primordial germ cells that arise from the yolk sac and enter the testes during the fifth week of development
15
Q
In the embryonic testes, the ______ _____ cells differentiate into spermatogonia, which remain dormant during childhood and actively begin producing sperm at ______. Toward the lumen of the ______ _____ are layers of progressively more mature cells. In order of advancing maturity, these are ______ spermatocytes, ______ spermatocytes, _______, and _____ ____. After a sperm cell, or spermatozoon has formed, it is released into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubule.
A
primordial germ
puberty
seminiferous tubule
primary
secondary
spermatids
sperm cells
16
Q
sustentacular cells or Sertoli cell (where, extend from/to, functions (6))
A
Embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules
extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule
- nourish spermatocytes, spermatids,
and sperm - phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds
- control movements of spermatogenic cells and the release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
- produce fluid for sperm transport
- secrete the hormone inhibin,
- regulate the effects of testosterone and FSH
17
Q
blood-testis barrier
A
tight junctions between neighbouring sustentacular cells form this barrier
isolating the developing gametes
from the blood, prevents an immune response against the spermatogenic cell’s surface antigens, which are “foreign” to the immune system.
does not include spermatogonia
18
Q
interstitial/leydig cells (where, secrete)
A
in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules
secrete testosterone
19
Q
androgen
A
hormone that promotes development of masculine characteristics
20
Q
how long does spermatogenesis take
A
65-75 days
21
Q
primary vs secondary spermatocytes vs spermatids (chromosomes, undergo, develop from)
A
diploid (46 chromosomes), undergo meiosis I, develop from spermatogonia
vs
haploid (23 chromosomes), undergo meiosis II, develop from primary spermatocytes
vs
haploid, undergo spermiogenesis, develop from secondary spermatocytes
22
Q
spermiogenesis
A
development of haploid spermatids into sperm
An acrosome forms atop the nucleus, which condenses/elongates, a flagellum develops, and mitochondria multiply
23
Q
spermiation
A
event where sperm are released fro. sustentacular cells
24
Q
Each day about ________ sperm complete the process of spermatogenesis
A
300 million
25
parts of sperm (3)
head: contains nucleus with 23 highly condensed chromosomes
acrosome: covers ant 2/3 of head, filled with enzymes to help sperm penetrate
tail: has 4 parts
26
4 parts of a sperm tail
neck: constricted region behind the head,contains centrioles=from microtubules compromising rest of tail
middle piece: contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral=provide ATP for locomotion to site of fertilization/sperm metabolism
principal piece: longest
end piece: terminal, tapering
27
how long do sperm live in female repro tract
less than 48 hours
28
at puberty certain ______ ______ cells increase their secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). This hormone in
turn stimulates _______ in the _______ ______ to increase their secretion of the two gonadotropins, ______ _____ and ______-_____ _______
hypothalamic
neurosecretory
gonadotrophs
ant pituitary
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
29
LH stimulates what and secretes/where
interstitial cells located between seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
30
testosterone inhibits what (2) and by
LH by ant pituitary gonadotrophs
GnRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells
31
In some target cells, such as those in the external genitals and prostate, the enzyme __-_____ ______ converts testosterone to another androgen called __________ (___)
5 alpha-reductase
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
32
FSH acts indirectly to stimulate _______
spermatogenesis
33
FSH and testosterone act synergistically on the ______ cells to stimulate secretion of _____-_____ _____ into the lumen of the _________ ______ and into the interstitial fluid around the _________ ______
sustentacular
androgen-binding protein (ABP)
seminiferous tubules
spermatogenic cells
34
ABH function
binds to testosterone to keep its concentration high
35
Testosterone stimulates the final steps of __________ in the _________ ______
spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules
36
what is released once the degree of spermatogenesis required
for male reproductive functions has been achieved and by what
sustentacular cells release inhibin
37
inhibin function
inhibiting FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary
38
The hormone–receptor complex regulates _____ _______, turning
some _____ on and others off
gene expression
genes
39
androgen effects (4)
1. prenatal development: before birth, testosteron stimulates male development of repro system ducts/descent of testes; Dihydrotestosterone stimulates development of external genitals
2. Development of male sexual characteristics: At puberty, dihdro/testosterone bring about development/enlargement of the male sex organs + development of masculine secondary sexual characteristics
3. Development of sexual function: contributes to male sexual behaviour and spermatogenesis and sex drive
4. Stimulation of anabolism: stimulate protein synthesis (more muscle)
40
show steps in negative feedback control of increasing testosterone
receptors: cells in hypothalamus that secrete GnRH secrete less
CC: ant pituitary gonadotrophs secrete less LH
effectors: interstitial (Lydig) cells in testes secrete less testosterone
41
Pressure generated by the fluid secreted by ________ cells pushes sperm and fluid along the lumen of
________ _______ and then into a series of very short ducts called _______ _____. The _____ ______ lead to a network of ducts in the testis called the ____ ____ From the ____ ____, sperm move into a series of coiled efferent ducts
in the ________ that empty into a single tube called the _____ ______.
sustentacular
seminiferous tubules
straight tubules
straight tubules
rete testis
rete testis
epididymis
ductus epidiymis
42
epididymis along what border of each testes
curves along superior and posterior
43
The _______ ducts from the testis join the ductus epididymis at the larger, superior portion of the epididymis called the _____. The ____ is the narrow midportion of the epididymis, and the ____ is the smaller, inferior portion. At its distal end, the tail of the epididymis continues as the _____ (___) _______.
efferent
head
body
tail
ductus (vas) deferens
44
histology of ductus deferens
lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and encircled by layers of smooth muscle
contain stereocilia (branching microvilli) to increase reabsorption of degenerated sperm
45
Functionally, the epididymis is the site of _____ ______, the process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum. This occurs over a period of about ___ days. The epididymis also helps propel sperm into the ______ ______ during sexual arousal by peristaltic contraction of its SM. In addition, the epididymis stores sperm, which remain viable here for up to _____ _____. Any stored sperm that are not ejaculated by that time are eventually _______.
sperm maturation
14
ductus deferens
several months
reabsorbed
46
Within the tail of the epididymis, the ductus epididymis becomes less convoluted, and its diameter increases. Beyond this point, the duct is known as the _____ ______
ductus deferens
47
ductus deferens length/location
45 cm
ascends along the posterior border
of the epididymis through the spermatic cord and then enters the
pelvic cavity. There it loops over the ureter and passes over the side
and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder
48
ampulla of ductus deferens
dilated terminal portion
49
The mucosa of the ductus deferens consists of _______ _______ _____
and ______ ______ (______ __). The muscularis has 3 layers of smooth muscle; the inner and outer layers are _______, and the middle layer is ______
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
lamina propria
areolar CT
longitudinal
circular
50
ductus deferens function (2)
conveys sperm from epididymis toward urethra through peristaltic contractions of SM
can store for several months before ejaculation/reabsorption
51
spermatic cord consists of (6)
1. ductus (vas) deferens
2. testicular artery
3. veins that drain the testis and carry testosterone into circulation
4. autonomic nerves
5. lymphatic vessels
6. cremastermuscle
52
what passes through inguinal canal
spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve
53
where does inguinal canal begin and end
begin: deep (abdominal) inguinal ring - slitlike opening in the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle
end: superficial (subcutaneous) inguinal ring - somewhat triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
54
variocele
refers to a swelling in the scrotum due to a dilation of the veins that drain the testes
usually more apparent when standing/doesn't require treatment
55
ejaculatory duct formed by
union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus
deferens
56
The short ejaculatory ducts form just _____ to the base (superior portion) of the prostate and pass _____ and _____ through the prostate. They terminate in the _____ _____, where they eject ____ and ______ _____ _____ just before the release of semen from the urethra to the exterior
superior
inferiorly
anteriorly
prostatic urethra
sperm
seminal vesicle secretions
57
male urethra 3 parts
prostatic urethra: through prostate
intermediate urethra: through deep muscles of perineum
spongy urethra: through penis
58
seminal vesicle location
posterior to base of bladder and anterior to rectum
59
seminal vesicle secretes
alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose (a monosaccharide sugar), prostaglandins, and clotting proteins that are different from those in blood
60
function of seminal vesicle secretions (4)
alakinity: neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra/female reproductive tract that otherwise would inactivate/kill sperm
fructose: ATP production by sperm
prostoglandins: contribute to sperm motility and viability and may
stimulate smooth muscle contractions within the female reproductive
tract
clotting proteins: help semen coagulate after ejaculation to prevent leaking out of vagina
61
Fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles
normally constitutes about ___% of the volume of semen
60%
62
The prostate slowly increases in size from birth to puberty. It then expands rapidly until about age __, after which time its size typically remains stable until about age __, when further enlargement may occur, constricting the ____ and interfering with urine flow
30
45
urethra
63
The prostate secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid (pH about ___) that contains several substances. (1) _____ ____in used by sperm for ATP production via the ____ ____. (2) Several proteolytic enzymes, such as ____-_____ ______, ______, ______, ______, and ________, eventually break down the
clotting proteins from the seminal vesicles. (3) The function of the
____ _______ secreted by the prostate is unknown. (4) ___________ in prostatic fluid is an antibiotic that can destroy naturally occurring bacteria in semen and in the lower female reproductive tract.
6.5
citric acid
Krebs cycle
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
pepsinogen
lysozyme
amylase
hyaluronidase
acid phosphatase
Seminalplasmin
64
Secretions of the prostate enter the prostatic urethra through many ______ _____. Prostatic secretions make up about ___ of the volume of
semen and contribute to sperm ______ and ______
prostatic ducts
25%
motility
viability
65
bulbourethral glands AKA
cowper's glands
66
bulbourethral glands size
peas
67
bulbourethral gland location
inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra within deep muscles of the perineum, and ducts open into spongy urethra
68
During sexual arousal, the bulbourethral glands secrete an alkaline fluid into the _____ that protects the passing sperm by ______ _____ from urine in the urethra. They also secrete _____ that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra, decreasing the number of
sperm ______ during _____. Some males release a drop or two of this mucus upon sexual arousal and erection. The fluid does not contain _____ cells
urethra
neutralizing acids
mucus
damaged
ejaculation
sperm
69
Semen is a mixture of _____ and ______ ______, a liquid that consists of the secretions of the ______ _____, ______ ______, ________, and _______ ______. The volume of semen in a typical ejaculation is _____ mL, with ______ sperm per mL. When the number falls below ________/mL, the male is likely to be infertile
sperm
seminal fluid
seminiferous tubules
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands
2.5-5
50-150 million
20 million
70
Despite the slight acidity of ______ _____, semen has a slightly alkaline pH of _____ due to the higher pH and larger volume of fluid from the ______ ______. The ______ _____ gives semen a milky appearance, and fluids from the _______ ______ and _______ _______ give it a sticky consistency.
prostatic fluid
7.2-7.7
seminal vesicles
prostatic secretion
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral glands
71
semen function (3)
Seminal fluid provides sperm with a transportation medium, nutrients, and protection from the hostile acidic environment of the male’s urethra and the female’s vagina
72
time and what makes sperm coagulate/reliquify
coagulate: 5 minutes due to clotting proteins from seminal vesicle
reliquify: 10-20 mins due to prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) and other proteolytic enzymes from prostate
73
Aft er passing through the uterus and uterine tube, the sperm are affected by secretions of the uterine tube in a process called _______
capacitation
74
tunica albuginea
fibrous tissue surrounding each of the three cylindrical masses of tissue making up the body of the penis
75
corpora cavernosa penis
2 dorsolateral masses of body of penis
76
corpus spongiosum penis
middle smaller mass of body of penis, contains spongy urethra and keeps it open during ejaculation
77
The body of the penis is composed of three cylindrical masses of tissue, each surrounded by fibrous tissue called the ______ ______. The two dorsolateral masses are called the ______ ______ ______. The smaller midventral mass, the ______ ______ ______, contains the
_______ ______ and keeps it open during ejaculation. Skin and a subcutaneous layer enclose all three masses, which consist of ______ _______.
tunica albuginea
corpora cavernosa penis
corpus spongiosum penis
spongy urethra
erectile tissue
78
what is erectile tissue
Erectile tissue is composed of numerous blood sinuses (vascular
spaces) lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle
and elastic CT
79
glans penis
distal corpus spongiosum penis, acorn shape
80
corona
margin of glans penis
81
prepuce
foreskin
82
root of the penis consists of
bulb of the penis: expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum penis
crura of the penis: two separated and tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa penis
83
The root of the penis is the attached portion. It consists of the _____ of the penis, the expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum penis, and the _____ of the
penis, the two separated and tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa penis
bulb
crura
84
The weight of the penis is supported by two ligaments that are continuous with the fascia of the penis and where they arise from
1. fundiform ligament: arises from the inferior part of the linea alba
2. suspensory ligament of the penis: arises from the pubic symphysis
85
erection. happens how
psymp fiberss in sacral region stimulated=produce/release nitric oxide=arterioles dilate=more blood flow
+
nitric oxide causes SM to relax=widens blood sinuses/compresses veins
86
coitus
sexual intercourse
87
priapism
persistent and usually painful erection of the penis that does not involve sexual desire or excitement
88
ejaculation is a symp reflex coordinated by
lumbar SC
89
emmission
discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculation
90
what 2 things do the ovaries produce
1. gametes: secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova
2. hormones: progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, relaxin
91
mesovarium
portion of broad ligament (fold of parietal peritoneum) of uterus that suspend the ovaries
92
ovarian ligament
anchors ovaries to uterus
93
suspensory ligament
attaches ovaries to pelvic wall
94
ovarian mesothelium/surface epithelium
simple epi ( low cube/squam) covers entire ovary
95
tunica albuginea
whitish capsule of DICT, immediately deep to ovarian mesothelium
96
ovarian cortex
region just deep to the tunica
albuginea
consists of ovarian follicles
surrounded by DICT that contains
collagen fibers and stromal cells.
97
ovarian medulla
deep to the ovarian cortex
the border between the cortex and medulla is indistinct, but the
medulla consists of more loosely arranged CT and contains BV, LV, and nerves.
98
ovarian follicles (location, consists of, two names in what stages, function of surrounding cells)
cortex and
consist of oocytes in various stages of development, plus the cells surrounding them.
surrounding cells form a single
layer=follicular cells
form several layers= granulosa cells
The surrounding cells nourish the
developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger
99
mature (graafian) follicle
large, fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture/expel secondary oocyte (ovulation)
100
corpus luteum
contains the remnants of a
mature follicle after ovulation
produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates
into fibrous scar tissue called the corpus albicans
101
oogenesis (what/starts when)
formation of gametes in the ovaries, begins before even born
102
oogonia (what/arise from)
germ cells differentiate to become these
diploid (2n) stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells
103
primary oocytes (develop from, enter what stage of meiosis __ and when does that start/end)
develop from oogonia
enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete
that phase until after puberty
104
primordial follicle (what, when)
primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells during primary oocytes arrested stage of development (before puberty)
105
At birth, approximately _______ to _______ primary oocytes remain in each ovary. Of these, about ______ are still present at puberty, and around ______ will mature and ovulate during a woman’s reproductive lifetime. The remainder of the primary oocytes undergo ______
200,000
2,000,000
40,000
400
atresia
106
what develops into primary follicles
primordial follicles
107
primary follicles consist of
primary oocyte that is surrounded in a later stage of development by several layers of cub/low colum cells called granulosa cells
108
zona pellucida (what/where)
clear glycoprotein layer around primary follicle
located between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells
109
stromal cells surrounding the basement membrane of a primary follicle begin to form an organized layer called the ______ ______
theca folliculi
110
what happens when a primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle in terms of theca folliculi, and 2 things about granulosa cells
1. theca interna: highly vascularized internal layer of cuboidal secretory cells that secrete androgens
2.theca externa: outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers
granulosa cells begin to secrete follicular fluid, which builds up in a cavity called the antrum in the center of the secondary follicle.
The innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes firmly attached to the zona pellucida and is now called the corona radiata
111
corona radiata
innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes attached to zona pellucida when a primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle and is now known as this
112
what happens in a mature (graafian) follicle right before ovulation
diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis I, producing two haploid (n) cells of unequal size (each with 23 chromosomes) known as a first polar body (smaller) and secondary oocyte
113
first polar body vs secondary oocyte
packet of discarded nuclear material vs
vs
larger cell that receives most of the cytoplasm
114
what happens once a secondary oocyte is formed and what is the response of the mature follicle
begins meiosis II but then stops in metaphase.
The mature (graafian) follicle soon ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte (ovulation)
115
what is expelled into the pelvic cavity during ovulation
secondary oocyte, first polar body, and corona radiata
116
when would meiosis II occur
if sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte in the uterine tube
117
what happens to the secondary oocyte during meiosis II (after sperm penetrates)
splits into two haploid cells, again of unequal size.
larger cell: ovum/mature egg
smaller: second polar bod
The nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum then unite, forming a diploid zygote
118
one primary oocyte gives rise to ____ gamete(s) (ovum/ova)
vs
one primary spermatocyte produces ____ gamete(s) (sperm)
one
four
119
Diploid cells (2n) have __ chromosomes; haploid cells (n) have __ chromosomes
46
23
120
infundibulum
funnel-shaped portions of each fallopian tube, close to ovary but open to pelvic cavity
121
frimbriae
fingerlike projections on end of fallopian tube attached to lateral end of ovary
122
ampulla of uterine tube
widest, longest portion, making up about the lateral 2/3 of its length
123
isthmus of uterine tube
medial, short, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins the uterus
124
what types of cells make up the epithelium of the mucosa of the uterine tubes
ciliated simple columnar epithelium: functions as a “ciliary conveyor belt” to help move a fertilized ovum
peg cells (nonciliated): have microvilli and secrete a fluid that provides nutrition for the ovum
125
3 layers of uterine tube (in to out)
mucosa
muscularis
serosa
126
what is the layers of the muscularis of the uterine tubes
inner, thick, circular ring of smooth
muscle and an outer, thin region of longitudinal smooth muscle
127
Fertilization can occur up to about __ hours after ovulation.
24
128
zygote arrives in the uterus ____ days after ovulation
6-7
129
Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus include (1) a dome shaped portion sup to the uterine tubes called the ______, (2) a tapering central portion called the _____, and (3) an inferior narrow
portion called the _____. Between the
body of the uterus and the cervix is the ______, a constricted region about 1 cm (0.5 in.) long. The interior of the body of the uterus is called the _____ _____, and the interior of the cervix is called
the ______ _____. The cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity at the _____ ____ and into the vagina at
the ______ ____
fundus
body
cervix
isthmus
uterine cavity
cervical canal
internal os
external os
130
Normally, the body of the uterus projects ______ and ______ over the urinary bladder in a position called ______
anteriorly
superiorly
anteflexion
131
The cervix projects ______ and _______ and enters the anterior wall of the vagina at nearly a right angle
inferiorly
posteriorly
132
The paired ______ ligaments
are double folds of peritoneum attaching the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity. The paired _______ ligaments, also peritoneal extensions, lie, on either side of the rectum and
connect the uterus to the sacrum. The ______ ligaments are located inferior to the bases of the broad ligaments
and extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina. The _____ ligaments are bands of fibrous CT between the layers of the broad ligament; they extend from a point on the uterus just inferior to the uterine tubes to portion of the labia majora of the external genitalia
broad
uterosacral
cardinal
round
133
3 tissue layers of uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
134
perimetrium (serosa) of uterus (part of what, composed of, lat/ant/post becomes what)
part of the visceral peritoneum
composed of simple squamous epi and
areolar CT
Laterally=becomes broad ligament
Anteriorly= forms vesicouterine pouch Posteriorly= forms rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
135
myometrium of uterus
3 layers
middle circular, in/outer longitudinal
136
3 components of endometrium
1. Innermost layer composed of simple columnar epi (ciliated and secretory cells) lines the lumen
2. underlying endometrial stroma is a very thick region of lamina propria
3. endometrial (uterine) glands develop as invaginations of the luminal epithelium and extend almost to the myometrium
137
The endometrium is divided into two layers. The ______ ______ lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation. The deeper layer,
the ______ _____, is permanent and gives rise to a new ______ _______ after each menstruation
stratum functionalis
stratum basalis
stratum functionalis
138
blood supply to uterus (6)
uterine arteries: branches of internal iliac artery
arcuate arteries: circular arrangement in myometrium
radial arteries: penetrate into deep myometrium
straight arterioles: supply stratum basalis
spiral arterioles: supply stratum functionals
uterine veins: drain blood into internal iliac veins
* radial branch into straight and spiral
139
cervical mucus is a mixture of and produced by
water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts
produced by secretory cells of mucosa of cervix
140
capicitation
series of functional changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract before they can fertilize a secondary oocyte
sperm tail beats more vigorously; prepares sperm PM to fuse with oocytes PM
141
141
Cervical mucus is more hospitable to sperm at or near the time of ovulation because it is then less ______ and more ______ (pH _____)
viscous
alkaline (8.5)
142
fonix
recess in vagina around cervix
143
The mucosa of the vagina is continuous with that of the uterus Histologically, it consists of ______ _____ _____ epithelium and ______ connective tissue that lies in a series of transverse folds called _____
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
areolar
rugae
144
stores of glycogen in mucosa of vagina do what
produce acids to stop microbial growth but also are harmful to sperm
145
muscularis of vagina
inner circular outer longitudinal
146
the adventita, the superficial layer of the vagina, consists of ______ _____ ____. It anchors the vagina to adjacent organs such as the ______ and ______ _____ anteriorly and the ______ and _____ _____ posteriorly
areolar CT
urethra
urinary bladder
rectum
anal canal
147
pudendum AKA
vulva
148
what makes up the vulva
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vestibule
bulb of vestibule
149
labia majora are homologous to the
scrotum
150
The labia minora are homologous to the spongy (penile) urethra.
spongy (penile) urethra
151
The clitoris is homologous to the
glans penis
152
The paraurethral glands are homologous to the
prostate
153
The greater vestibular glands are homologous to the
bulbourethral glands
154
The bulb of the vestibule is homologous to the
corpus spongiosum and bulb of the penis
155
paraurethral vs greater vestibular (Bartholin's glands)
mucus-secreting glands embedded in the wall of the urethra
vs
between hymen and labia minora; secrete mucus upon arousal
156
perineum consists of what triangles
urogenital triangle and anal triangle
157
A mammary gland consists of ______ lobes, or compartments, separated by a variable amount of adipose tissue. In each lobe are several smaller
compartments called ______, composed of grapelike clusters of milk-secreting glands termed ______ embedded in connective tissue. Contraction of _________ cells surrounding the alveoli helps propel milk toward the nipples
15-20
lobules
alveoli
myoepithelial
158
When milk is being produced, it passes from the alveoli into a series of _____ ____ and then into the mammary ducts. Near the nipple, the mammary ducts expand slightly to
form sinuses called _____ sinuses, where some milk may be stored before draining into a ______ duct. Each
lactiferous duct typically carries milk from one of the lobes to the exterior.
secondary tubules
lactiferous
lactiferous
159
milk production stimulated by
mainly prolactin (anterior pituitary) plus some progesterone/estrogen
160
milk ejection stimulated by
oxytocin (posterior pituitary) in response to infant sucking
161
ovarian vs uterine cycle vs female reproductive cycle
series of events in ovaries that occur during/after maturation of an oocyte
vs
changes in the endometrium to prepare for a fertilized ovum
vs
ovarian and uterine cycles+hormonal changes that regulate them/related cyclical changes in the breasts/cervix
162
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the ______ controls the ovarian and uterine cycles. GnRH stimulates the release of _______-______ _____ (____) and ______ ______ (___) from the ______ pituitary
hypothalamus
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
anterior
163
At least ____ different estrogens have been isolated from the plasma of human females, but only ___ are present in significant quantities: ______-_____, ______, ______. In a nonpregnant woman, the most abundant estrogen is ______, which is synthesized from ______ in the ovaries
six
three
beta (β)-estradiol, estrone, and estriol
β-estradiol
cholesterol
164
five functions of estrogens
1. promote development/maintenance of female repro structures, secondary sex characteristics, breasts
2. stimulate protein anabolism (including bone) = synergistic with hGH
3. lower blood cholesterol
4. stimulate proliferation of stratum basalis to make new stratum functionalis after menstruation
5. in blood, inhibit release of GnRH (hypT) and secretion of FSH/LH (ant pit)
165
progesterone secreted by/function (2)
secreted mainly by cells of corpus luteum
cooperates with estrogens to prepare/maintain the endometrium
for implantation of a fertilized ovum + prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion
High levels also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH
166
relaxin produced by/function
produced by the corpus luteum
relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium
167
inhibin secreted by/function
secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation
inhibits secretion of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH
168
menstrual phase events in the ovaries
under FSH influence, several primordial follicles develop into primary follicles then secondary follicles
can take several months
169
menstrual phase events in the uterus
menstrual flow=50–150 mL of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells shed from the endometrium
declining P & E levles=release prostalgadins=spiral arterioles constrtict=cells die
170
female reproductive phases names/length
total 24-36 days
menstrual: 5 days
preovulatory: day 6-13
ovulation: day 14
postovulatory: day 15-28
171
preovulatory events in ovaries
some secondary follicles secrete estrogens/inhibin
dominant follicle (biggest) forms=secrete E/I= inhibit FSH=other cells degenerate
dominant follicle develops into mature follicle
172
follicular phase
menstruation and preovulatory phase together as follicles are growing
173
preovulatory events in the uterus
follicles release estrogens=repair endometrium
174
preovulatory phase AKA
proliferative phase as endometrium is proliferating
175
The high levels of ______ during the last part of the preovulatory phase exert a positive feedback effect on the cells that secrete ___ and ___ and cause ovulation
estrogens
LH
GnRH
176
how does ovulation happen (positive feedback effect)
1. high level estrogens=more frequent release of GnRH from hypoT + stimulates gonadotrophs in ant pit to secrete LH
2. GnRH promotes release of FSH and more LH by ant pit
3. LH=rupture of mature follicle and expulsion of secondary oocyte 9 hours after peak LH
177
mittelschmerz
pain due to blood leaking from an oocyte failing to enter uterine tube and disintegrates in pelvic cavity
178
postovulatory phase events in uterus (before fertilization happens or not)
blood clot forms due to rupture of corpus luteum, follicle becomes corpus hemorrhagicum
corpus luteum stimulated by LH=secretes progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin
179
postovulatory phase in the uterus with and without fertilization
not: life span 2 weeks = degernates into corpus albicans; levels of P&E + inhibin decrease=release of GnRH, FSH, and LH rises=new ovarian cycle
fertilized: hCG produced by chorion of embryo 8 days after fertilization, stimulates secretory activity of corpus luteum
180
postovulatory phase in the uterus
P&E produced by the corpus luteum promote growth/coiling of the endometrial glands, vascularization of the superficial endometrium, and thickening of the endometrium to 12–18 mm
endometrial glands secrete glycogen
181
luteal phase and secretory phase
both in postovulatory phase
luteal: follicle=corpus hemorrhagicum; corpus luteum secretes P/E/I
secretory: endometrial glands secrete glycogen
182
transudation
When the CT of the vagina becomes
engorged with blood, lubricating fluid oozes from the capillaries and seeps through the epithelial lining via a process called transudation
183
Whereas females may experience
two or more orgasms in rapid succession, males enter a _____ _____, a recovery time during which a second ejaculation and orgasm is physiologically impossible
refractory period
184
four phases of sexual repsonse
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
