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Biol235 Quiz 6 > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism vs anabolism

A

exergonic, break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones, decomposition reactions vs endergonic, build bigger molecules from simpler ones, synthesis reactions

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2
Q

ATP consists of

A

adenine molecule, a ribose molecule, and three phosphate groups bonded to
one another

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3
Q

ATP in anabolism and catabolism

A

anabolism: transfer energy from
ATP to complex molecules
catabolism: transfer energy from
complex molecules to ATP

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4
Q

oxidation

A

removal of electrons=decrease in potential energy of atom/molecule

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5
Q

dehydrogenation reactions

A

common biological oxidation reaction where hydrogen is removed

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6
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons=increase in potential energy of atom/molecule

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7
Q

Two coenzymes that are commonly used by animal cells to carry hydrogen atoms

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NAD): a derivative of the B vitamin niacin
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), a derivative of vitamin B2 (riboflavin).

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8
Q

phosphorylation

A

addition of phosphate group to a molecule

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9
Q

3 ways organism use phosphorylation to generate ATP

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

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10
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

transferring high energy phosphate group from substrate directly to ADP

occurs in cytosol

(ADP/GDP phosphorylated to produce ATP/GTP)

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11
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

removes electrons from organic compounds and passes them through the electron transport chain, to O2

occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane

(ADP to ATP using free energy produce from reactions of ETC)

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12
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

occurs only in chlorophyll-containing
plant cells or in certain bacteria containing light absorbing pigments

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13
Q

glucose use in the body (4)

A

ATP production

AA Synthesis

Glycogen synthesis

Triglyceride synthesis

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14
Q

glycogenesis vs lipogenesis

A

glucose monomers are combined
to form the polysaccharide glycogen by hepatocytes and muscle fibers
vs
synthesis of triglycerides

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15
Q

high level of insulin increases ___ ________ __ _____ into the plasma membranes of most body cells, thereby increasing ___ ____ __ ___________ _________ of _______ into cells.

A

the insertion of GluT4 (glucose transporter)
the rate of facilitated diffusion
glucose

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16
Q

In neurons and hepatocytes, another type of GluT is always present in the ______ ________ , so glucose entry is always “______ __ .” On entering a cell,
glucose becomes _____________. Because GluT cannot transport
_____________ _______, this reaction traps glucose within the cell.

A

plasma membrane
turned on
phosphorylated
phosphorylated glucose

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17
Q

cellular respiration (what/set of reactions)

A

oxidation of glucose to produce ATP

four sets of reactions: glycolysis, the
formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

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18
Q

glycolisis (step of cellular respiration/what/produce)

A

1

A set of reactions in which one 6-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized and split into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid is produced. The reactions also produce 4 molecules of ATP and uses 2 = two total, and two energy-containing NADH plus H+

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19
Q

Formation of acetyl coenzyme A (step of cellular respiration/what/produce)

A

2
A transition step that prepares
pyruvic acid for entrance into the Krebs cycle. This step also produces energy-containing NADH + H+ plus carbon dioxide
(CO2)

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20
Q

Krebs cycle reactions (step of cellular respiration/what/produce)

A

3
These reactions oxidize acetyl coenzyme A and produce CO2, ATP, NADH + H+, and FADH2.

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21
Q

Electron transport chain reactions (step of cellular respiration/what/produce)

A

4
These reactions oxidize NADH plus H+ and FADH2 and transfer their electrons through a series of electron carriers

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22
Q

aerobic respiration vs anaerobic glycolysis

A

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain require oxygen and are collectively known as aerobic respiration
vs
glycolysis occurs by itself under anaerobic conditions, it is referred to as anaerobic glycolysis

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23
Q

which step of cellular respiration can occur under anaerobic conditions

A

glycolysis

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24
Q

Fate of Pyruvic acid (2 ways)

A

Anaerobic: plus 2 hydrogen ions= lactic acid -> hepatocytes convert back to P acid

Aerobic: convert to acetylene coenzyme A -> links glycolysis (in cytosol) and KREBs (in mitochondria)

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25
Q

What cell can only produce ATP from glycolysis and why

A

RBC as they don’t have mitochondria=no Krebs

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26
Q

What happens to Pyruvic acid when it loses a molecule of carbon dioxide and what does it release

A

It become an acetyl group
First reaction in cellular respiration to release CO2

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27
Q

Decarboxylation def

A

Removal of CO2 by a substance

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28
Q

Acetyle coenzyme A is made up of

A

Acetyl group plus coenzyme A

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29
Q

Krebs cycle AKA and why

A

Citric acid cycle as it is the first molecule formed when acetyl group joins the cycle

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30
Q

Where do Krebs reactions occur

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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31
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain

A

Oxygen

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32
Q

How many acetyl CoA produced by one glucose and importance

A

2 = 2 spins of Krebs cycle

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33
Q

Why is the electron transport chains mechanism of producing ATP called chemiosmosis

A

Because it links reactions (passage of electrons down transport chain) with the pumping of hydrogen ions

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34
Q

Why is the electron transport chains mechanism of producing ATP called chemiosmosis

A

Because it links reactions (passage of electrons down transport chain) with the pumping of hydrogen ions

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35
Q

What are the electron carriers (5) and description

A

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN): flavoprotein derived from riboflavin

Cytochromes: proteins with an iron containing heme

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers: 2 or 4 atoms iron bound to sulfur atoms

Copper (Cu) atoms: bound to 2 proteins in the chain

Coenzyme Q (Q): nonprotein, low molecular weight carrier mobile in lipid bilayer

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36
Q

Oxidation of one glucose molecule to two Pyruvic acid molecules (what step in cellular respiration and produces)

A

Glycolysis
2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

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37
Q

Production of 2 NADH plus H+ during glycolysis produces

A

3 or 5 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

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38
Q

The formation of 2 molecules of acetyl CoA produce

A

5 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

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39
Q

The oxidation of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid (what step of cellular respiration/produces)

A

Krebs/ETC

2 GTP that are converted to 2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

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40
Q

Production of 6 NADH plus 6 H+ (where in cellular respiration/produce)

A

Krebs/ETC

15 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

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41
Q

Production of 2 FADH2 (where in cellular respiration/produce)

A

Krebs/ETC

3 ATP oxidative phosphorylation

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42
Q

What does cellular respiration produce total (ATP, # O2/CO2 used or produced)

A

30-32 ATP per glucose molecule
6 O2 used and 6 CO2 produced

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43
Q

Glycogenesis vs glycogenolysis vs gluconeogenesis vs glycolysis

A

Insulin stimulates hepatocytes/skeletal muscle cells to produce gylcogen
Vs
Stored glycogen broken down into glucose when needed
Vs
Process where glucose is formed by other non carbohydrate sources stimulated by cortisol/glucagon
Vs
Convert glucose to Pyruvic acid (first step in cellular respiration)

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44
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Uses lactic acid, glycerol and certain AA to produce glucose
Stimulated by cortisol (adrenal cortex

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45
Q

What percentage of energy release in catabolism is used for cellular function/what is the rest used for

A

About 40% of the energy released in catabolism is used for cellular functions; the rest is converted to heat

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46
Q

are lipids (mostly triglycerides) nonpolar or polar and what does that make them hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

non polar, hydrophobic

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47
Q

what are lipoproteins and whats the function

A

lipids combined with proteins produced by liver/intestine to make lipids hydrophilic

phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins surround the inner lipids

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48
Q

apoproteins (where, designated by, function)

A

proteins in outer shell of lipoprotein designated by the letters A, B, C, D, and E plus a number

help solubilize the lipoprotein in body fluids, and each apoprotein has specific functions

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49
Q

chylomicrons (size/weight/form where/transport/contain/what apoproteins release what/rest taken up by/docking protein)

A

largest/lightest lipoproteins
form in mucosal epithelial cells of SI
transport dietary (ingested) lipids to adipose tissue for storage

1–2% proteins, 85% triglycerides, 7% phospholipids, and 6–7% cholesterol, plus a small amount of fat soluble vitamins

apo C-2, activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase=removes fatty acids->taken up by adipocytes/muscle cells
Hepatocytes remove chylomicron remnants from the blood via receptor-mediated
endocytosis

apo E, is the
docking protein

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50
Q

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (formed where, transport what, contain, apoproteins release what, turn into what+when)

A

form in hepatocytes

contain about 10% proteins, 50% triglycerides, 20% phospholipids,
and 20% cholesterol.

mainly endogenous (made in the body) lipids
transport triglycerides synthesized in
hepatocytes to adipocytes for storage

lose
triglycerides as their apo C-2 activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase,
and the resulting fatty acids are taken up by adipocytes for storage
and by muscle cells for ATP production. As they deposit some of their
triglycerides in adipose cells, VLDLs are converted to LDLs.

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51
Q

low density lipoproteins (contain, transport, docking protein, excess, AKA)

A

contain 25% proteins, 5%
triglycerides, 20% phospholipids, and 50% cholesterol.

They carry about 75% of the total cholesterol in blood and deliver it to cells throughout the body for use in repair of cell membranes and synthesis
of steroid hormones and bile salts

docking protein: apo B100

in excess=deposit cholesterol around SM fibers in arteries=fatty plaques=bad cholesterol

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52
Q

high density lipoproteins (contain, function, AKA)

A

contain 40–45% proteins, 5–10% triglycerides, 30% phospholipids, and 20% cholesterol

remove excess cholesterol from body cells/blood and transport it to the liver for elimination

prevent fatty plaques=AKA good cholesterol

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53
Q

2 sources of cholesterol

A

food, most produced by hepatocytes

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54
Q

how can fatty foods that don’t contain any cholesterol at all still dramatically increase blood cholesterol level in two ways

A

high intake of dietary fats stimulates reabsorption of cholesterol-containing bile back into the blood=cholesterol is lost in the feces
when saturated fats are broken down in the body, hepatocytes use some of the breakdown products to make cholesterol

55
Q

lipid profile test/how to calculate LDL/normal TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Trigylcerides

A

measures total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (VLDLs)

LDL-cholesterol = TC − HDLcholesterol − (triglycerides/5).

TC under 200 mg/dL,
LDL-cholesterol under 130 mg/dL
HDL-cholesterol over 40 mg/dLN
triglycerides range of 10–190 mg/dL

56
Q

Triglycerides stored in adipose
tissue constitute ___ of all body energy reserves

A

98 percent

57
Q

triglycerides are stored ____ _______ than glycogen, in part because triglycerides are ___________ and do not exert _______ ________ on ____ _________

A

more readily
hydrophobic
osmotic pressure
cell membranes

58
Q

Adipocytes in the subcutaneous layer contain about ___ of the stored
triglycerides. Other adipose tissues account for the other ____: about
___ around the kidneys, ___ in the omenta, ___ in genital areas,
___ between muscles, and ___ behind the eyes, in the sulci of the
heart, and attached to the outside of the large intestine.

A

50%
half
12%
10-15%
15%
5-8%
5%

59
Q

Triglycerides in adipose tissue are continually broken down and _________.
Thus, the triglycerides stored in adipose tissue today are not the same
molecules that were present ____ _____ because they are continually
released from storage, transported in the _____, and redeposited in
other adipose tissue cells

A

resynthesized
last month
blood

60
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine _____ triglyceride breakdown into ____ ____
and _______. These hormones are released when sympathetic tone
________.

A

enhance
fatty acids
glycerol
increases

61
Q

other lypolytic hormones include _____, ______ hormones, and ______ like growth factors. By contrast, ______ inhibits lipolysis.

A

cortisol
thyroid
insulin
insulin

62
Q

Glycerol is converted by many cells of the body to ___________, one of the compounds also formed during the catabolism of glucose. If ATP supply in a cell is ____ , glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into ______, an example of gluconeogenesis. If ATP supply in a cell is ____, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate enters the catabolic pathway to ______ ____

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
high
glucose
low
pyruvic acid

63
Q

Fatty acids are catabolized differently than glycerol and yield
____ ATP

A

more

64
Q

beta oxidation (what/where)

A

first stage in fatty acid metabolism, occurs in matrix of mitochondria

65
Q

Beta Oxidation

Enzymes remove ___ ______ _____ at a time from the long chain of carbon atoms composing a fatty acid and attach the resulting ____-____ ______ to ________, forming acetyl CoA. Then, acetyl CoA enters the ____ ____. A __-_____ fatty acid such as palmitic acid can yield as many as ___ ATPs on its complete oxidation via beta oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

A

2 carbon atoms
2 carbon fragment
coenzyme A
Krebs cycle
16-carbon
129

66
Q

acetoacetic acid

A

2 acetyl CoA molecules condensed by hepatocytes

67
Q

Some acetoacetic acid is converted
into ______-_______ acid and _____

A

beta-hydroxybutyric
acetone

68
Q

ketone bodies and ketogenesis (occurs)

A

beta-hydroxybutyric, acetone, and acetoacetic acid collectively known as ketone bodies
formation of ketone bodies=ketogenesis

occurs in hepatocytes

69
Q

____ cells and ____ cells can synthesize lipids from ______ or ____ ____ through lipogenesis, which is stimulated by _____

A

Liver
adipose
glucose
amino acids
insulin

70
Q

Lipogenesis occurs when individuals consume ______ calories than
are needed to satisfy their ___ needs. Excess dietary ______, ______, and ___ all have the same fate—they are converted into _______.

A

more
ATP
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
triglycerides

71
Q

Certain amino acids can undergo the following reactions: amino acids → ____ ____ → _____ _____ → triglycerides.

The use of glucose to form lipids takes place via two pathways:
(1) glucose → __________ __-_______ → glycerol
(2) glucose → _________ __-_____→ _____ ____→ fatty acids.
The resulting glycerol and fatty acids can undergo _______ reactions to become _____ triglycerides, or they can go through a series of ________ reactions to produce other _____ such as __________, _________, and __________.

A

acetyl CoA
fatty acids
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
acetyl CoA
anabolic
stored
anabolic
lipids
lipoproteins
phospholipids
cholesterol

72
Q

are proteins or carbohydrates/lipids stored once broken down

A

carb/lipid=stored
protein=not

73
Q

what are proteins broken down to/function

A

amino acids
oxidized to produce ATP or to synthesize new proteins for body growth and repair

74
Q

what happens to excess amino acids

A

converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis) or triglycerides (lipogenesis)

75
Q

The active transport of amino acids into body cells is stimulated by
______-____ ______ _______ and _______. Almost immediately aft er
digestion, amino acids are reassembled into _______. Many proteins function as _______; others are involved in transportation (_______) or serve as _________, clotting chemicals (_______), hormones (_______), or contractile elements in muscle fibers (_____ and ______). Several proteins serve as ________ _________ of the body (collagen, elastin, and keratin).

A

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
insulin
proteins
enzymes
hemoglobin
antibodies
fibrinogen
insulin
actin
myosin
structural components

76
Q

what is protein catabolism manly stimulated by

A

cortisol from adrenal cortex

77
Q

before amino acids can be oxidized, what has to happen first

A

first be converted to molecules that are part of the Krebs cycle or can enter the Krebs cycle, such as acetyl CoA

their amino group (NH2)
must first be removed—a process called deamination

78
Q

deamination (what,where,produces)

A

removal of amino group
occurs in hepatocytes
produces ammonia->liver cells con vert to urea

79
Q

where is protein anabolism carried out

A

on ribosomes of almost every cell

80
Q

essential amino acids (how many, why they are essential, can/cant be synthesized)

A

10
must be present in the diet because they cannot be synthesized in the body in adequate amounts
cannot synthezie=isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
can synthesize (inadequate amounts)=arginine and histidine

81
Q

complete protein (what/ex.)

A

contains suff icient amounts of all essential amino acids. Beef, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk

82
Q

incomplete protein (what/ex.)

A

does not contain all essential amino acids. Examples of incomplete proteins are leafy green vegetables, legumes, and grains

83
Q

nonessential amino acids

A

can be synthesised adequately by body

84
Q

transamination

A

the transfer of an amino group from
an amino acid to pyruvic acid or to an acid in the Krebs cycle. Once the
appropriate essential and nonessential amino acids are present in cells, protein synthesis occurs rapidly

(how nonessential amino acids are synthesized on body)

85
Q

3 key molecules (why are they called that)

A

glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A

play pivotal role in metabolism

86
Q

role of glucose 6-phosphate (4) (plus some description for each)

A

synthesis of glycogen: occurs when glucose is abundant, occurs in SMF/hepatocytes

release of glucose into the bloodstream: dephosphorylated to glucose

synthesis of nucleic acids: precursor to ribose 5-phosphate=needed for nucleic acid

glycolysis: anaerobically -> pyruvic acid+ATP

87
Q

role of pyruvic acid (3) (plus some description of each)

A

production of lactic acid: no oxygen=lactic acid->into bloodstream-> taken up by hepatocytes=turn back into pyruvic

production of alanine: transamination= amino group (–NH2)+pyruvic acid=amino acid alanine, or be removed from alanine=pyruvic acid

gluconeogenesis: converted to oxaloacetic acid=form glucose 6-phosphate

88
Q

Role of acetyl coenzyme A (2) (plus some description of each)

A

entry into the krebs cycle: vehicle for 2-carbon acetyl groups

synthesis of lipids: synthesis of
certain lipids, including fatty acids, ketone bodies, and cholesterol

89
Q

absorptive vs postabsorptive state

A

ingested nutrients are entering the bloodstream, and glucose is readily available for ATP production vs absorption of nutrients from the GI tract is complete, and energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body

90
Q

how long does a typical meal need to absorb for

A

4 hours

91
Q

absorptive state reactions (7)

A
  1. catabolism of glucose: 50% gluc=catabolized (cellular resp) for ATP
  2. catabolism of AA: enter hepatocytes=deaminated=ketone acids-> Krebs for ATP or synthesize glucose/fatty acids
  3. synthesis of proteins: many AA do this
  4. catabolism of a few dietary lipids: small # for energy, rest stored in adipose
  5. glycogenesis: taken up by liver/SM=converted to glycogen
  6. lipogenesis: liver converts to fatty acids=synthesis of triglycerides (40%), adipose cells convert to storage triglycerides (10%)
  7. transport of triglycerides from liver to adipose tissue: most fatty acids/triglycerides in liver packed into VLDLs (carry lipids to adipose tissue)
92
Q

Soon after a meal, _______-_______ __________ ________ (___), plus the rising blood levels of ______ and certain ______ _____, stimulates pancreatic ____ cells to release the hormone insulin. In general, insulin _______ the activity of enzymes needed for anabolism and the synthesis of storage molecules; it _______ the activity of enzymes needed for catabolic or breakdown reactions. Insulin promotes the entry of ______ and _____ _____ into cells of many tissues, and it stimulates the conversion of glucose to _______(______) in both _____ and _____ cells. In liver and adipose tissue, insulin enhances the synthesis of _______ (_______), and in cells throughout the body, insulin stimulates _______ synthesis. ______ and the ______ hormones (T3 and T4) also stimulate protein synthesis.

A

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
glucose
amino acids
beta
increases
decreases
glucose
amino acids
glycogen (glycogenesis)
liver
muscle
triglycerides (lipogenesis)
protein
IGFs
thyroid

93
Q

Glucose entry into most body cells occurs via _______ _______ (_____) molecules, a family of transporters that bring glucose into cells via ________ _______

A

glucose transporter (GLUT)
facilitated diffusion

94
Q

A high level of _______ increases the insertion of one type of GLUT, called
______, into the plasma membranes of most body cells (especially muscle fiber and adipocytes), increasing the rate of facilitated diffusion of
glucose into cells. In _______ and _______, however, other types of
GLUTs are always present in the plasma membrane, so glucose entry is
always “turned on.” Upon entering a cell, glucose becomes ________. Because GLUT cannot transport ________ glucose, this
reaction traps glucose within the cell.

A

insulin
GLUT4
neurons
hepatocytes
phosphorylated x2

95
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism in the Absorptive State (location/hormone)

  1. Facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
  2. active transport of AA into cells
  3. glycogenesis
  4. protein synthesis
  5. lipogenesis
A
  1. most cells; insulin
  2. most cells; insulin
  3. hepatocytes/muscle fibers; insulin
  4. all cells; insulin, IGFs, thyroid hormones
  5. adipose cells/hepatocytes; insulin
96
Q

the main metabolic challenge during the postabsorptive state is to maintain
the normal blood _____ level of ___-______

A

glucose
70-100 mg/100 mL

97
Q

The reactions of the postabsorptive state that produce glucose (first 5)

A
  1. glycogenolysis in liver: provide 4h supply of glucose=released into blood
  2. glycogenolysis in muscle: glucose catabolized to provide ATP for muscle contraction
  3. lipolysis: trig broken down to fatty/glycerol->into blood->into liver=glucose
  4. protein catabolism: release AA=converted to glucose via liver
  5. gluconeogenesis: from lactic acid, glycerol, or AA
98
Q

the reactions of the postabsorptive state that don’t use glucose (6-9)

A
  1. catabolism of fatty acids: most
    cells catabolize fatty acids directly-> into Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA=produce ATP through the ETC
  2. catabolism of lactic acid: cardiac muscle produces ATP aerobically from this
  3. Catabolism of AA: in hepatocytes, directly catabolized to ATP
  4. Catabolism of ketone bodies: hepatocytes convert fatty->ketone bodies=used for ATP production
99
Q

Both hormones and the _______ division of the _______ nervous system regulate metabolism during the postabsorptive state. The hormones that regulate postabsorptive
state metabolism sometimes are called ____-_____ hormones
because they counter the effects of _____ during the absorptive
state. As blood glucose level declines, the secretion of insulin ____ and
the release of anti-insulin hormones ____

A

sympathetic
autonomic
anti insulin
insulin
falls
rises

100
Q

When blood glucose concentration starts to drop (post-absorptive state), the pancreatic ____ cells release the hormone _______. The primary target tissue of glucagon is the _____; the major effect is increased release of _____ into the bloodstream due to ____________ and __________.

A

alpha
glucagon
liver
glucose
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis

101
Q

______ promotes gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and protein catabolism

A

cortisol

102
Q

Glucose-sensitive neurons in the __________ detect low blood glucose and increase _________ output. As a result, sympathetic nerve endings release the neurotransmitter ________, and the adrenal medullae release two catecholamine hormones,________ and ______, into the bloodstream. Like glucagon, epinephrine stimulates ______ breakdown. Epinephrine and
norepinephrine are both potent stimulators of ______. These actions
of the catecholamines help to increase glucose and free fatty acid
levels in the blood. As a result, muscle uses more ____ _____ for ATP
production, and more ______ is available to the nervous system

A

hypothalamus
sympathetic
norepinephrine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
glycogen
lipolysis
fatty acids
glucose

103
Q

Hormonal regulation of metabolism in the post-absorptive state (location,hormones)

  1. glycogenolysis
  2. lypolysis
  3. protein breakdown
  4. gluconeogenesis
A
  1. hepatocytes, SMF; glucagon, E
  2. adipocytes; E/NE, cortisol, IGFs, thyroid hormones
  3. most cells, esp. SMF; cortisol
  4. hepatocytes, kidney cortex cells; glucagon, cortisol
104
Q

fasting vs starving

A

fasting means going without food for many hours or a few days; starvation implies weeks or months of food deprivation or inadequate food intake

105
Q

how long can you survive without food if you have water (why)

A

2m or more

Although glycogen stores are depleted within a few hours of beginning a fast,
catabolism of stored triglycerides and structural proteins can provide
energy for several weeks. The amount of adipose tissue the body contains determines the life span possible without food.

106
Q

The most dramatic metabolic change that occurs with fasting and starvation is the increase in the formation of _____ _____ by hepatocytes

A

ketone bodies

107
Q

energy balance

A

refers to the precise matching of energy intake (in food) to energy expenditure over time

108
Q

calorie vs kilicalorie

A

amount of energy in the form of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 gram of water 1°C
vs
1000 calories

109
Q

enery content of:

carb
protein
fat
alcohol

A

4 kcal/g, 4, 9, 7

110
Q

factors affecting metabolic rate (7)

A

hormones: thyroid hormones
exercise: increase 15x during exercise
NS: symp=increase BMR
body temp: higher temp=increase BMR
ingestion of food: increase BMR 10-20%
age: older=less
other: gender, climate, malnutrition

111
Q

calorigenic effect

A

effect of thyroid hormones on BMR

112
Q

food-induced thermogenesis

A

ingestion of food raises BMR due to energy costs of digestion

113
Q

BMR number

A

1200-1800 and then extra 500-3000 for movement

114
Q

3 things affecting total metabolic rate (TMR) and their percentages

A

BMR: 60%
physical activity: 30-35%
food-induced thermogenesis: 5-10%

115
Q

A gain of 20 lb (9 kg) between ages 25 and 55 represents only a tiny
imbalance, about ____% more energy intake in food than energy expenditure

A

0.3

116
Q

neuropeptide Y vs melanocortin vs grhelin

A

stimulate food intake when leptin/insulin levels are low
vs
inhibits food intake stimulated by leptin
vs
produced by stomach endocrine cells, increase appetite by stimulating neuropeptide Y

117
Q

the bodies usual constant core temperature vs shell temp

A

37 C (98.6 F)
vs
1-6 C lower

118
Q

core temp vs shell temp

A

in body structures deep to the skin and subcutaneous layer
vs
near the body surface—in the skin and subcutaneous layer

119
Q

core temp too high vs too low causes death how

A

protein denaturation
vs
cardiac arrhythmias

120
Q

conduction (what/body temp % lost)

A

heat exchange that occurs between molecules of two materials that are in direct contact with each other

3% body heat lost

121
Q

convection (what/body temp % lost)

A

transfer of heat by the movement of air or water between areas of different temperatures

15% lost by air via convection and conduction

122
Q

radiation (what/body temp % lost)

A

transfer of heat in the form of infrared rays between a warmer object and a cooler one without physical contact

in 21C room, 60% lost

123
Q

evaporation (what/body temp % lost)

A

conversion of a liquid to a vapor

22% lost

124
Q

The control center that functions as the body’s thermostat is a group
of neurons in the _______ part of the hypothalamus, the _____ ____. Neurons of the preoptic area generate action
potentials at a higher frequency when blood temperature _______
and at a lower frequency when blood temperature _______.
Action potentials from the preoptic area propagate to two other
parts of the hypothalamus known as the ___-_____ ____ and the
___-_____ _____

A

anterior
preoptic area
increases
decreases
heat-losing center
heat-promoting center

125
Q

ways to increase the core temperature to the normal value (4)

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. release of E/NE: increase cellular metabolism=increase temp
  3. shivering
  4. release of thyroid hormones: increase metabolic rate=higher temp
126
Q

6 main types of nutrients

A

water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins

127
Q

many experts recommend the following distribution of calories: ____ from carbohydrates, with less than ____ from simple sugars; less than ___ from fats (triglycerides are the main type of dietary fat), with no more than ___ as saturated fats; and about
___ from proteins

A

50-60%
15%
30%
10%
12-15%

128
Q

minerals are

A

inorganic elements that occur naturally in the earth’s crust

129
Q

Calcium and phosphorus form part of the matrix of ___. Because minerals do not form long-chain compounds, they are otherwise ___ building materials. A major role of minerals is to help regulate _______ reactions. Calcium, iron, magnesium, and manganese
are constituents of some ______. Magnesium also serves as a
catalyst for the conversion of ___ to ___. Minerals such as sodium and
phosphorus work in ______ ______, which help control the pH of body
fluids. Sodium also helps regulate the ______ of water and, along
with other ions, is involved in the generation of _____ ______

A

bone
poor
enzymatic
coenzymes
ADP
ATP
buffer systems
osmosis
nerve impulses

130
Q

vitamins are and what is the function of most

A

Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and
normal metabolism
Most vitamins with known functions are coenzymes

131
Q

the body can assemble some vitamins if the raw materials, called _____, are provided

A

provitamins

132
Q

fat vs water soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K; can be stored, ingested with other lipids
vs
B,C; can’t be stored, dissolved in body fluids

133
Q

In addition to their other functions, three vitamins—C, E, and
beta-carotene (a provitamin)—are termed _______ vitamins because they _____ oxygen free radicals. Free radicals damage ___ _____, ___, and other cellular structures and
contribute to the formation of artery-narrowing ________ _______ . Antioxidant vitamins are thought to play a role in protecting against some kinds of cancer, reducing the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque, delaying some effects of aging, and decreasing the chance of cataract formation in the lens of the eyes.

A

antioxidant
inactivate
cell membranes
DNA
atherosclerotic plaques

134
Q
A

Biol235 Quiz 6 (5 decks)

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