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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 27_AP2 > Flashcards

Chapter 27_AP2 Flashcards

Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

1
Q

Intracellular fluid compartment

A

–
All fluids inside cells of body
–
About 40% of total body weight

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2
Q

Extracellular fluid compartment

A 
–
All fluids outside cells
–
About 20% of total body weight
–
Subcompartments
•
Interstitial fluid and plasma; lymph, CSF, synovial fluid
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3
Q

Primary intracellular ions, interstitial fluid ions, and plasma ions

A 
–
Intracellular cation = K+
–
Interstitial fluid cation = Na+
–
Plasma cation = Na+
–
Intracellular anion = Phosphate
–
Interstitial fluid = Cl-
–
Plasma anion = Cl-
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4
Q

Kidneys

A

primary regulators of water excretion

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5
Q

Regulation processes

A 
–
Osmosis
–
Osmolality
–
Baroreceptors
–
Learned behavior
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6
Q

Sources of water

A

–
Ingestion
–
Cellular metabolism

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7
Q

Routes of water loss

A 
–Urine
–Evaporation
•Perspiration
•Respiratory passages
–Feces
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8
Q

Osmolality

A

Measure of water vs. solute concentration; the higher the solute concentration, the higher the osmolality

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9
Q

Increased osmolality

A

triggers thirst and ADH secretion

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10
Q

Decreased osmolality

A

inhibits thirst and ADH secretion

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11
Q

ECF

A

can increase or decrease even if osmolality of extracellular fluid is maintained

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12
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

is water evaporating from skin.

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13
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

is secreted by the sweat glands. Contains solutes

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14
Q

Hypernatremia:

A

elevated plasma Na+

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15
Q

Hyponatremia:

A

decreased Na+

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16
Q

Acids

A

Release H+ into solution

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17
Q

Bases

A

Remove H+ from solution

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18
Q

Buffers:

A

Resist changes in pH

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19
Q

Types of buffer systems

A

–Carbonic acid/bicarbonate
–Protein
–Phosphate

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20
Q

if pH rises

A

buffers release H+

21
Q

if pH falls

A

buffers bind H+

22
Q

Respiratory center:

A

if pH rises, respiratory rate decreases; if pH falls, respiratory rate increases

23
Q

Kidneys:

A

if pH rises, distal tubule decreases H+ secretion into the urine and decreases HCO3- absorption into the blood (more H2CO3 will dissociate into H+ and HCO3-); if pH falls, distal tubule increases H+ secretion into the urine and increases HCO3- absorption into the blood

24
Q

Acidosis:

A

pH body fluids below 7.35

25
Q

Alkalosis:

A

pH body fluids above 7.45

26
Q

Which body fluid compartments contains the highest concentration of proteins?

A

intracellular

27
Q

The capillary endothelium separates these two body fluid compartments

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

28
Q

Which mechanism is the main regulator of water intake?

A

thirst

29
Q

Which factor stimulates ADH secretion?

A

high ECF osmolarity

30
Q

Which factor would cause a shift of water from the plasma to the interstitial fluid?

A

increased blood (hydrostatic) pressure

31
Q

An increase in the ECF Na+ levels would cause

A

water to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF

32
Q

The major cation in the extracellular fluid is

A

Na+

33
Q

ECF calcium levels are mainly regulated by which of the following hormones?

A

parathyroid hormone

34
Q

Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to excrete excess potassium?

A

aldosterone

35
Q

Strong acids can be buffered by

A

weak bases

36
Q

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by

A

hypoventilation

37
Q

Prolonged hyperventilation could cause

A

respiratory alkalosis

38
Q

A person who has unregulated diabetes mellitus may also have

A

metabolic acidosis and dehydration

39
Q

Prolonged diarrhea can cause

A

metabolic acidosis and dehydration

40
Q

Buffer systems do which of the following?

A

minimize pH changes in body fluids by converting stronger acids or bases into weaker acids or bases

41
Q

Respiratory alkalosis would be indicated if blood pH is _____ and blood carbon dioxide levels are ______.

A

high; low

42
Q

Parathyroid hormone __________ blood calcium levels and calcitonin __________ blood calcium levels.

A

increases, decreases

43
Q

__________ is necessary for the transport of Ca2+ ions across the wall of the intestinal tract.

A

Vitamin D

44
Q

The ____________ are the primary organs that regulate the composition and volume of body fluids.

A

kidneys

45
Q

The largest buffer system in the body is the

A

protein buffer system

46
Q

If the pH of the blood decreases, the pH of the urine will

A

decrease

47
Q

As the rate of sweat production increases, the amount of sodium lost in the urine

A

decreases

48
Q

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by ____________ and can be compensated for by the production of a more ____________ urine.

A

hyperventilation, alkaline

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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