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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 26_AP2 > Flashcards

Chapter 26_AP2 Flashcards

Urinary System

1
Q

Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the

A

ureter.

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2
Q

Arrange the following structures in correct sequence:

1) ureter
2) renal pelvis
3) calyx
4) urinary bladder
5) urethra

A

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

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3
Q

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the

A

hilum.

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4
Q

The structural and functional units of the kidney are called

A

nephrons.

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5
Q

The juxtamedullary nephrons have?

A

Long loops of Henle

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6
Q

The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is:

A

part of the filtration membrane and contains podocytes

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7
Q

An obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the

A

glomerulus

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8
Q

The filtration membrane consists of the

A

podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane

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9
Q

Urine passes from the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) to the _____ and then to the minor calyx.

A

collecting duct.

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10
Q

One feature of renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that

A

each nephron has at least two capillary networks

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11
Q

Trace the path of a red blood cell from the renal artery to the glomerulus:

1) interlobar artery
2) interlobular artery
3) arcuate artery
4) afferent arteriole

A

1, 3, 2, 4

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12
Q

The urinary bladder

A

stores urine until it is voided

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the

A

external urinary sphincter

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14
Q

Formation of filtrate depends on a

A

pressure gradient

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15
Q

The active transport of substances from the capillaries into the kidney tubules is called tubular ______.

A

secretion

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16
Q

The part of the cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is the

A

renal fraction

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17
Q

Passage of proteins into Bowman’s capsule is prevented by

A

the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins

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18
Q

Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by

A

increasing net filtration pressure

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19
Q

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when

A

ADH production increases

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20
Q

Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate by both the

A

proximal and distal tubules

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21
Q

The ability of the kidney to concentrate urine depends on

A

a high medullary concentration gradient

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22
Q

A countercurrent mechanism is in

A

both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta

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23
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes

A

renin

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24
Q

The kidneys produce renin when

A

the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases

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25
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A

is secreted when blood pressure increases

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26
Q

Autoregulation in the kidney involves changes in the degree of

A

constriction of afferent arterioles

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27
Q

When the tubular maximum for a substance is exceeded

A

the excess remains in the filtrate

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28
Q

When aldosterone is absent, sodium reabsorption in the nephron is

A

greatly decreased

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29
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone increases

A

urine volume

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30
Q

List 6 functions of the urinary system

A
  1. eliminates wastes
  2. regulates blood volume
  3. regulates ion concentration
  4. regulates pH
  5. red blood cell production
  6. vitamin D production
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31
Q

The urinary system consists of:

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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32
Q

Location of the Kidneys:

A

lies behind the peritoneum on the posterior abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column

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33
Q

Renal capsule:

A

fibrous connective

tissue. Surrounds each kidney

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34
Q

Perirenal fat:

A

Engulfs renal capsule and acts as

cushioning

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35
Q

Renal fascia:

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue that anchors kidneys and surrounding
adipose to abdominal wall

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36
Q

Hilum

A

Renal artery and nerves enter and

renal vein and ureter exit kidneys; opens into renal sinus

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37
Q

renal sinus

A

cavity
filled with fat and loose connective
tissue

38
Q

Cortex:

A

Outer area of kidney

39
Q

Medulla:

A

Inner area of kidney; surrounds renal sinus

40
Q

Renal columns

A

part of
cortical tissue that extends into
medulla

41
Q

Renal pyramids

A 
cone-shaped.
Base is boundary between
cortex and medulla. Apex of
pyramid is renal papilla,
points toward sinus.
42
Q

Pelvis:

A

enlarged chamber

formed by major calyces

43
Q

Ureter:

A

exits at the hilum;

connects to urinary bladder

44
Q

Parts of the nephron:

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal
tubule, loop of Henle
(nephronic loop), distal
tubule

45
Q

Urine continues from the

nephron to

A

collecting ducts,
papillary ducts, minor
calyses, major calyses, and the
renal pelvis

46
Q

Renal corpuscle.

A

Bowman’s
capsule plus a capillary bed
called the glomerulus.

47
Q

Glomerulus:

A 
network
of capillaries. Blood
enters through afferent
arteriole, exits through
efferent arteriole.
48
Q

Parietal layer:

A 
outer.
Simple squamous
epithelium that becomes
cube-shaped where
Bowman’s capsule ends
and proximal tubule
begins
49
Q

Visceral layer:

A

inner.
Specialized podocytes that
wrap around the
glomerular capillaries

50
Q

Fenestrae:

A

window-like openings in
the endothelial cells of the
glomerular capillaries.

51
Q

Filtrations slits:

A 
gaps between the
cell processes of the podocytes.
Basement membrane sandwiched
between the endothelial cells of the
glomerular capillaries and the
podocytes.
52
Q

Filtration membrane:

A 
capillary
endothelium, basement membrane
and podocytes. First stage of urine
formation occurs here when fluid
from blood in capillaries moves
across filtration membrane into the
lumen inside Bowman’s capsule.
53
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

supplies blood to glomerulus

54
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

drains glomerulus

55
Q

Afferent and Efferent arterioles have a layer of

A

smooth muscle

56
Q

Macula densa

A

Specialized tubule cells of the distal tubule. The

distal tubule lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

57
Q

Proximal tubule:

A

simple cuboidal

epithelium with many microvilli

58
Q

Loops of Henle

A

Ascending limb and descending limb

59
Q

Ascending limb

A

first part
simple squamous epithelium
and thin, distal part thicker and
simple cuboidal

60
Q

Descending limb

A

first part
similar to proximal tubule.
Latter part simple squamous
epithelium and thinner

61
Q

Distal tubule

A

shorter than
proximal tubule. Simple cuboidal,
but smaller cells and very few
microvilli

62
Q

Collecting ducts:

A 
form where
many distal tubules come together.
Larger in diameter, simple
cuboidal epithelium. Form
medullary rays and lead to
papillary ducts
63
Q

Arterial supply:

A
  1. Renal arteries branch from abdominal aorta
  2. Segmental arteries branch from renal
  3. Interlobar arteries ascend within renal
    columns toward cortex
  4. Arcuate arteries branch and arch over
    the base of the pyramids
  5. Interlobular arteries project into cortex and
    give rise to afferent arterioles
64
Q

The part of the circulation involved with urine formation

A
  1. Afferent arterioles supply blood to glomerulus
  2. Glomerulus
  3. Efferent arterioles exit the renal corpuscle
  4. Peritubular capillaries form a plexus around the proximal and distal tubules
  5. Vasa recta: specialized parts of peritubular capillaries that course into medulla along with loops of Henle, then back toward cortex
65
Q

Venous drainage

A 
11. Peritubular
capillaries drain into
interlobular veins
and lead to
12. Arcuate veins
13. Interlobar veins
14. Renal veins
66
Q

Filtrate

A

water, small molecules, ions that can pass through membrane; pressure forces it across filtration membrane

67
Q

Renal blood flow rate

A

1176 mL/min

68
Q

Renal plasma flow rate:

A

renal blood flow rate X fraction of

blood that is plasma: 650 mL/min

69
Q

Filtration fraction:

A

part of plasma that is filtered into lumen of

Bowman’s capsules; average 19%

70
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR):

A

amount of filtrate produced

each minute. 180 L/day

71
Q

Average urine production/day:

A

1-2 L. Most of filtrate must be

reabsorbed

72
Q

Filtration membrane

A

filtration barrier. It prevents
blood cells and proteins from entering lumen of
Bowman’s capsule, but is many times more permeable
than a typical capillary

73
Q

Filtration pressure:

A

pressure gradient responsible for
filtration; forces fluid from glomerular capillary across
membrane into lumen of Bowman’s capsules

74
Q

Forces that affect movement of fluid into or out of the lumen of
Bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerular capillary pressure (GCP): blood pressure inside capillary tends to move fluid out of capillary into Bowman’s capsule
– Capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP): pressure of filtrate already in the lumen
– Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP): osmotic pressure caused by proteins in blood. Favors fluid movement into the capillary from the lumen. BCOP greater at end of glomerular capillary than at beginning because of fluid leaving capillary and entering lumen

75
Q

High glomerular capillary pressure results from

A

Low resistance to blood flow in afferent arterioles
– Low resistance to blood flow in glomerular capillaries
– High resistance to blood flow in efferent arterioles: small diameter vessels

76
Q

Changes in afferent and efferent arteriole diameter alter filtration
pressure

A

Dilation of afferent arterioles/constriction efferent arterioles increases
glomerular capillary pressure, increasing filtration pressure and thus
glomerular filtration

77
Q

Autoregulation of GFR

A

Involves changes in degree of constriction in afferent arterioles

78
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of GFR: norepinephrine

A

– Constricts small arteries and afferent arterioles
– Decreases renal blood flow and thus filtrate formation
– During shock or intense exercise: intense sympathetic stimulation, rate of filtrate formation drops to a few mm

79
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

occurs as filtrate flows through
the lumens of proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal
tubule, and collecting ducts

80
Q

Tubular reabsorption results because of:

A 
– Diffusion
– Facilitated diffusion
– Active transport
– Symport
– Osmosis
81
Q

Diffusion between cells:

A 
from
lumen of nephron into interstitial
fluid
– Depends on rate of transport of same
solutes through the cells of the tubule
– K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+
82
Q

Descending thin segment of loop of Henle is:

A

highly permeable to water and
moderately permeable to urea,
sodium, most other ions
(passive).

83
Q

Ascending thin segment of loop of Henle is:

A 
not
permeable to water, but is
permeable to solutes. Solutes
diffuse out of the tubule and
into the more dilute interstitial
fluid as the ascending limb
projects toward the cortex.
Solutes diffuse into the descending vasa recta.
84
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

Moves metabolic by-products, drugs, molecules
not normally produced by the body into tubule of
nephron

85
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A

– Produced by right atrium of heart when blood volume increases stretching cells
– Inhibits Na+ reabsorption
– Inhibits ADH production
– Increases volume of urine produced
– Venous return is lowered, volume in right
atrium decreases

86
Q

Tubular load

A

Total amount of substance that passes through filtration

membrane into nephrons each minute

87
Q

Tubular maximum

A

Maximum rate at which a
substance can be actively
absorbed

88
Q

Urine Movement

A

Hydrostatic pressure forces urine through

nephron

89
Q

Ureters:

A

bring urine from
renal pelvis to urinary
bladder. Lined by transitional
epithelium

90
Q

Urinary bladder:

A 
hollow
muscular container. In pelvic
cavity posterior to symphysis
pubis. Lined with transitional
epithelium;
91
Q

Trigone:

A

interior of urinary bladder. Triangular area between the
entry of the two ureters and the exit of the urethra. Area expands
less than rest of bladder during filling

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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