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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 23_AP2 > Flashcards

Chapter 23_AP2 Flashcards

Respiratory System

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Regulation of blood pH
  2. Production of chemical mediators
  3. Voice production
  4. Olfaction
  5. Protection
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2
Q

Ventilation:

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs

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3
Q

External respiration:

A

Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood

•Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

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4
Q

Internal respiration:

A

Gas exchange between the blood and tissues

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5
Q

Upper tract:

A

nose, pharynx and associated structures

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6
Q

Lower tract:

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and the tubing within the lungs

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7
Q

The nose consists of:

A

external nose and nasal cavity

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8
Q

Nasal Cavity consists of:

A

divided by the nasal septum;
anterior vestibule contains hairs that trap debris;
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that traps debris and moves it to the pharynx

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9
Q

Openings of the nasal cavity:

A

nares open to the outside, and the choanae lead to the pharynx;
paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct open into the nasal cavity

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10
Q

Hard palate:

A

floor of nasal cavity

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11
Q

Nasal septum:

A

partition dividing cavity; cartilage and bone

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12
Q

Conchae:

A

bony ridges on lateral walls with meatuses between. Openings to paranasal sinuses and to nasolacrimal duct

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13
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Passageway for air
  • Cleans the air
  • Humidifies, warms air
  • Smell
  • Along with paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech
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14
Q

Paranasal sinuses:

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary

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15
Q

Where does the nasopharynx begin and where does it end?

A

joins the nasal cavity through the internal choanae

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16
Q

What structures are found within the nasopharynx?

A

contains the openings to the auditory tube and the pharyngeal tonsils

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17
Q

What type of tissue lines the nasopharynx?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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18
Q

Where does the oropharynx begin and where does it end?

A

shared with digestive system

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19
Q

What structures are found within the oropharynx?

A

contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

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20
Q

What type of tissue lines the oropharynx?

A

Lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium.

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21
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx begin and where does it end?

A

epiglottis to esophagus

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22
Q

What type of tissue lines the laryngopharynx?

A

Lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Larynx

A

The cartilage within is connected by muscles and ligament; anchored by its connection to the hyoid bone and the
trachea.

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24
Q

What is the opening within the larynx known as?

A

Vocal folds (vocal cords)

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25
Q

Thyroid cartilage:

A

largest, Adam’s apple

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26
Q

Cricoid cartilage:

A

most inferior, base of larynx

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27
Q

Epiglottis:

A

attached to thyroid and has a flap near base of tongue. Elastic rather than hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

Arytenoids:

A

attached to cricoid

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29
Q

Corniculate:

A

attached to arytenoids

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30
Q

Cuneiform:

A

contained in mucous membrane

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31
Q

Unpaired cartilage in the larynx:

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

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32
Q

Paired cartilage in the larynx:

A

Arytenoid (2)
Corniculates (2)
Cuneiform (2)

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33
Q

What are the superior ligaments?

A

extend from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilages to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage;

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34
Q

How are the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) related to the
superior ligaments?

A

the superior ligaments are covered by a mucous membrane called the vestibular folds, or false vocal cords

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35
Q

How are the vocal fold (true vocal cords) related to the inferior
ligaments?

A

The inferior ligaments are covered by a mucous membrane called the vocal folds, or true vocal cords.The vocal folds and the opening between them are called the glottis. The vestibular folds and the vocal folds are lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

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36
Q

Functions of the larynx:

A
  1. Maintain an open passageway for air movement:
  2. Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx
  3. Vocal folds are primary source of sound production.
  4. The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium traps debris, preventing their entry into the lower respiratory tract.
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37
Q

True vocal cords or vocal folds:

A

sound production. Opening between is glottis

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38
Q

How are sound waves produced?

A

produced as the vocal folds vibrate when air passes through the larynx. Tightening the folds produces sounds of different pitches by controlling the length of the fold, which is allowed to vibrate.

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39
Q

How is the amplitude of sound (volume) controlled?

A

Greater the amplitude of vibration, louder the sound.

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40
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and pitch?

A

higher-frequency vibrations producing higher-pitched sounds and lower-frequency fibrations producing lower-pitched sounds

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41
Q

What changes in the in the vocal folds change the frequency of the
sound produced?

A

Variations in the length of the vibrating segments of the vocal folds affect the frequency of the vibrations. Higher-pitched tones are produced when only the anterior parts of the folds vibrate, and progressively lower tones result when longer sections of the folds vibrate

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42
Q

How are the length and tension of the vocal folds controlled?

A

Movement of the arytenoid and other cartilages is controlled by skeletal muscles, thereby changing the position and length of the vocal folds.

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43
Q

Why do males have lower pitched voices?

A

Because males usually have longer vocal folds than females.

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44
Q

Describe the anatomy and histology of the trachea.

A

connects the larynx to the main bronchi; Membranous tube of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle; supported by 15-20 hyaline cartilage C-shaped rings open posteriorly; divides to form left and right bronchi

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45
Q

Carina:

A

cartilage at bifurcation. Membrane especially sensitive to irritation and inhaled objects initiate the cough reflex

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46
Q

Explain how the Heimlich maneuver can be used to treat tracheal blockage:

A

are designed to force an object out of the air passage by the sudden application of pressure to the abdomen.

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47
Q

Explain how Intubation can be used to treat tracheal blockage:

A

a tube is passed through the mouth or nose into the pharynx and then through the larynx to the trachea.

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48
Q

Explain how a Tracheostomy can be used to treat tracheal blockage:

A

an operation performed to make an opening into the trachea, commonly between the second and third cartilage rings. Usually, the opening is intended to be permanent, and a tube is inserted into the trachea to allow airflow and provide a way to remove secretions.

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49
Q

Explain how a Cricothyrotomy can be used to treat tracheal blockage:

A

The preferred point of entry in emergency cases is through the membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages

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50
Q

Right and left primary bronchi

A

Main bronchi

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51
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Lobar bronchi

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52
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

Segmental bronchi

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53
Q

Ventilation refers to the

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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54
Q

Internal respiration refers to

A

gas exchange between the blood and body tissues

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55
Q

Whenever people cry, their nose runs. This is because the _____ drain tears into the nose.

A

nasolacrimal ducts

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56
Q

A molecule of air enters the nose through the external nares. What is the correct pathway to the trachea?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

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57
Q

What is the passageway for both air and food?

A

pharynx

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58
Q

The largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the

A

thyroid cartilage

59
Q

The ring of cartilage that forms the base of the larynx is the

A

cricoid cartilage.

60
Q

During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the

A

epiglottis

61
Q

When air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound?

A

vocal folds (cords)

62
Q

The pitch of the sound produced by the vocal cords is controlled by the

A

frequency of the vibrations

63
Q

Each lobe of each lung is supplied by a

A

secondary bronchus

64
Q

The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain

A

smooth muscle

65
Q

Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the

A

alveoli

66
Q

Constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles does what?

A

restricts the flow of air into the lungs

67
Q

Which of the following muscles increases the volume of the thorax during a normal inhalation?

1) diaphragm
2) external intercostals
3) internal intercostals
4) rectus abdominis

A

1) diaphragm

2) external intercostals

68
Q

Expiration during quiet breathing occurs when:

A

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

69
Q

Oxygenated blood is carried to the walls of the bronchi and tissues of the lungs via the

A

bronchial arteries

70
Q

When the inspiratory muscles contract:

A

thoracic volume increases

71
Q

For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be:

A

a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

72
Q

During expiration, the alveolar pressure must be:

A

greater than atmospheric pressure.

73
Q

Surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by

A

decreasing the surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli

74
Q

Air in the pleural cavity is called

A

a pneumothorax

75
Q

Mr. Huff and Puff exhales normally; then, using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called

A

residual volume

76
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by the process of

A

diffusion

77
Q

Oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary occurs because

A

alveolar PO2 is greater than capillary PO2

78
Q

The Bohr effect refers to the

A

effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

79
Q

How does an increase in the acidity of the blood affect the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen?

A

As blood acidity increases, hemoglobin binds less oxygen

80
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.4

81
Q

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of:

A

bicarbonate ions

82
Q

The chloride shift refers to

A

the exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane

83
Q

If there is an accumulation of acidic products in the plasma, one would expect

A

an increase in respiration rate

84
Q

The ventral respiratory group stimulates

A

the intercostal and abdominal muscles

85
Q

After hyperventilating for several minutes, a person may develop short periods of apnea because

A

the level of CO2 decreases below the level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center

86
Q

The Hering-Breuer reflex

A

helps prevent overinflation of the lungs.

87
Q

When one is exercising, their respiratory rate increases due to:

A

increased blood carbon dioxide levels stimulating the chemoreceptors

88
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the normal tidal volume

89
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Sum of the expiratory reserve, inspiratory reserve, and tidal volumes

90
Q

Residual Volume

A

Volume of air remaining in lungs after the most forceful expiration

91
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Sum of the inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, tidal, and residual volumes

92
Q

layers of the respiratory membrane :

A
  1. A thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus
  2. The alveolar epithelium composed of simple squamous epithelium
  3. The basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium
  4. A thin interstitial space
  5. The basement membrane of the capillary endothelium
  6. The capillary endothelium, composed of simple squamous epithelium
93
Q

What is the significance of the respiratory membrane?

A

It is the

area where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

94
Q

Tracheobronchial Tree

A

divides to form two main bronchi, which extend to the lungs. The main bronchi divide to form lobar bronchi, which divide to form segmental bronchi, which divide to form bronchioles, which divide to form terminal bronchioles.

95
Q
  1. The trachea to the terminal bronchioles is a passageway for
A

air movement

96
Q

Gas exchange occurs between:

A

the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli

97
Q
  1. The components of the respiratory membrane are:
A

a film of water, the walls of the alveolus and the capillary, and an interstitial space

98
Q

Terminal bronchioles divide to form:

A

respiratory bronchioles, which give rise to alveolar ducts

99
Q

Lungs

A

are divided into lobes, bronchopulmonary segments, and lobules

100
Q

Respiratory zone:

A

site for gas exchange

101
Q

Three types of cells in respiratory membrane:

A
  1. Type I pneumocytes
  2. Type II pneumocytes
  3. Dust cells
102
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Thin squamous epithelial cells, form 90% of surface of alveolus. Gas exchange.

103
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

Round to cube-shaped secretory cells. Produce surfactant

104
Q

Dust cells

A

(phagocytes)

105
Q

Anatomy of the lungs:

A

2; Base sits on diaphragm, apex at the top, hilus on medial surface where bronchi and blood vessels enter. All the structures in hilus called root

106
Q

Right Lung:

A

three lobes. Lobes separated by fissures

107
Q

Left Lung:

A

Two lobes, and an indentation called the cardiac notch

108
Q

Lobes are supplied by:

A

secondary bronchi

109
Q

lobules are supplied by:

A

bronchioles and separated by incomplete partitions

110
Q

List the structures which form the thoracic wall.

A

•Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum and associated muscles; Thoracic cavity; Diaphragm

111
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

space enclosed by thoracic wall and diaphragm

112
Q

Diaphragm

A

separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

113
Q

Inspiration:

A

diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalenes

114
Q

Expiration:

A

muscles that depress the ribs and sternum: abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

115
Q

Labored breathing:

A

all inspiratory muscles are active and contract more forcefully. Expiration is rapid

116
Q

Pleural cavity

A

surrounds each lung and is formed by the pleural membranes. Filled with pleural fluid.

117
Q

Visceral pleura:

A

adherent to lung. Simple squamous epithelium, serous.

118
Q

Parietal pleura:

A

adherent to internal thoracic wall.

119
Q

Pleural fluid:

A

acts as a lubricant and helps hold the two membranes close together (adhesion).

120
Q

Mediastinum:

A

central region, contains contents of thoracic cavity except for lungs.

121
Q

Two sources of blood to lungs:

A

Pulmonary artery & bronchial arteries

122
Q

Where do the pulmonary arteries come from and what type of blood do they
carry?

A

brings deoxygenated blood to lungs from right side of heart to be oxygenated in capillary beds that surround the alveoli. Blood leaves via the pulmonary veins and returns to the left side of the heart.

123
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins go and what type of blood do they carry?

A

Blood going to left side of heart via pulmonary veins carries primarily oxygenated blood, but also some deoxygenated blood from the supply of the walls of the conducting and respiratory zone.

124
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs;

Air moves from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure

125
Q

Boyle’s Law:

A

P = k/V, where P = gas pressure, V = volume, k = constant at a given temperature

126
Q

Lung recoil causes alveoli to collapse resulting from

A

Elastic recoil

Surface tension

127
Q

Elastic recoil:

A

elastic fibers in the alveolar walls

128
Q

Surface tension:

A

film of fluid lines the alveoli. Where water interfaces with air, polar water molecules have great attraction for each other with a net pull in toward other water molecules. Tends to make alveoli collapse.

129
Q

Surfactant:

A

Reduces tendency of lungs to collapse by reducing surface tension. Produced by type II pneumocytes

130
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease).

A

Common in infants with gestation age of less than 7 months. Not enough surfactant produced.

131
Q

Pneumothorax

A

an opening between pleural cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural pressure

132
Q

Spirometry:

A

measures volumes of air that move into and out of respiratory system.

133
Q

Tidal volume:

A

amount of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest: 500 mL

134
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume:

A

amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume (3000 mL at rest)

135
Q

Expiratory reserve volume:

A

amount that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume (100 mL at rest)

136
Q

Residual volume:

A

volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration (1200 mL)

137
Q

Minute ventilation:

A

total air moved into and out of respiratory system each minute; tidal volume X respiratory rate

138
Q

Respiratory rate (respiratory frequency):

A

number of breaths taken per minute

139
Q

Diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane depends upon four factors

A
  1. Membrane thickness. The thicker, the lower the diffusion rate
  2. Diffusion coefficient of gas (measure of how easily a gas diffuses through a liquid or tissue). CO2 is 20 times more diffusible than O2, surface areas of membrane, partial pressure of gases in alveoli and blood
  3. Surface area. Diseases like emphysema and lung cancer reduce available surface area
  4. Partial pressure differences. Gas moves from area of higher partial pressure to area of lower partial pressure. Normally, partial pressure of oxygen is higher in alveoli than in blood. Opposite is usually true for carbon dioxide
140
Q

Shunted blood:

A

blood that is not completely oxygenated

141
Q

Apnea.

A

Cessation of breathing.

142
Q

Hyperventilation.

A

Causes decrease in blood PCO2 level.

143
Q

Hypoxia:

A

decrease in oxygen levels below normal values

144
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex

A

Limits the degree of inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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