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Bio 133 > Chapter 27 Reproductive organs > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Reproductive organs Flashcards

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1
Q

How is an erection made

A

the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum fill with blood and the bulbourethral gland secretes lubricating fluid.

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2
Q

What is another name for foreskin

A

prepuce

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3
Q

What are the 3 glands in the male reproductive organs and what do they do

A 
seminal vesicles (alkaline)- energy storage and motility
prostate gland (acidic)- contains PSN (prostate specific antigens), nutrients, and enzymes
bulbourethral gland- (alkaline mucus) neutralizes and lubricates
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4
Q

What is semen and what is the function

A

semen is a mixture of sperm and secretions from glands
Sperm= 130 million/ 5mL
Function:
fluid transports sperm, provides nutrients, fructose for ATP production in sperm, prostagladins required for motility and viability, and neutralizes acidity in male urethra and female vagina

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5
Q

What is the scrotum and the function

A
  • out-pouch descending from the abdomen
  • contains cremaster muscle which regulates temperature
  • sperm needs to be kept at a lower temperature then core body temperature (34*C)
  • Cremaster muscles moves testes closer to or away from warmth of body
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6
Q

What is the testes and what is the function

A

Made up of seminferous tubules which produce sperm.
seminferous tubules contain 3 parts
1. spermatogenic cells (meiotic cells)
2. Sertoli cells (supportive cells)
3. interstitial cells: between tubules and secretes testosterone

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7
Q

What are the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue

A

2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum

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8
Q

Anatomy of Penis/ circumcision

A

Root, shaft, and glans penis
with out circumcision there is a prepuce (foreskin)
with circumcision part of/ all the foreskin is removed

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9
Q

Is an erection a sympathetic reflex or parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

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10
Q

What happens during ejaculation

A

propulsion of semen from the urethra, bladder sphincter muscle constricts so urine cannot leave, sympathetic reflex and contraction of smooth muscle

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11
Q

Definition of a diploid cell

A

any sell with two homologous sets of chromosomes

Total number of chromosomes = 46 (also known as the diploid number)

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12
Q

Definition of a gamete

A

egg and sperm cell, also known as a haploid cell.
Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes
22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome (X or Y)

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13
Q

Definition of a haploid cell

A

any cell with a single set of of chromosomes. Total number of chromosomes = 23

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14
Q

Definition of a zygote

A

a fertilized egg.

it is a diploid cell meaning it has two sets of haploid chromosomes. one from mother and one from father

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15
Q

Are haploid cells generated through meiosis or mitosis?

A

meiosis

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction uses which type of cell division meiosis or mitosis?

A

meiosis

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17
Q
  1. Does meiosis or mitosis use two stages of cell division?

2. What are the two stages of cell division in sexual reproduction and what is the purpose?

A
  1. meiosis
  2. Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Meiosis 1 = separates homologous chromosomes. Meiosis 2 combines sister chromatids. The purpose of this is to form genetic variability
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18
Q

When does crossing over occur in sexual reproduction cell division and what is the result of it?

A

Crossing over occurs in prophase 1. It exchanges genetic information from one chromosome with another. The purpose of this is to introduce genetic variability and unique sexual reproduction

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19
Q

in reference to meiosis what does the term tetrad mean?

A

tetrad is a four chromatid structure. It occurs during prophase 1 and happens when homologous chromosomes come together and join as pairs = synapsis

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20
Q

what are the main differences between mitosis cell division and meiosis cell division?

A

Number of cell divisions. Mitosis = 1 Meiosis = 2. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes only occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis. Tetrads form and allow crossing over. Daughter cells differ. Mitosis = 2 daughter cells identical to mother. Meiosis = 4, each haploid contains half the chromosomes as the mother and is different from mother cell. Mitosis is for cell repair and growth where meiosis is for sexual reproduction.

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21
Q

What is sperm production called? Where does this occur? At what age does it occur at? How many sperm are produced in a day and how long does it take?

A

called spermatogenesis and occurs in the seminferous tubules. Produces 400million sperm/ day and takes 64-72 days.

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22
Q

what is the process in which a sperm is developed beginning with a spermatogonium.

A

Spermatogonium goes through mitosis. One daughter cell becomes a primary spermatocyte and leaves the other behind. The primary spermatocyte goes through meiosis 1 and becomes a secondary spermatocyte which then goes through meiosis 2 producing a spermatid which develops into a sperm.

23
Q

Anatomy of a sperm (spermatozoa)

A

3 parts: a) the head, contains DNA and acrosome (enzymes to penetrate egg) b) mid-piece, mitochondria (ATP for tail) c) tail, a flagellum (motility)

24
Q

What is the purpose of sertoli cells in the seminferous tubules which produce sperm

A

to provide nutrients to dividing cells, transport of cells, secretion of testicular fluid, prevents sperm antigens from escaping into the blood stream.

25
Q

What regulates male sexual reproductive hormones, what hormones do they produce and what is the effect on the male body?

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis regulates hormones.
Hypothalamus produces gonadotrophin releasing hormone.
The anterior pituitary gland releases LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone activates testosterone production and follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein which acts to keep testosterone levels, close to spermatogenic cells, high.

26
Q

When is testosterone first developed? What determines whether a fetus is male or female? What occurs when testosterone is produced during development?

A

Testosterone is produced in early development, before birth. A single gene on the Y chromosome initiates testes development in week 7. testes start to release testosterone which begins development of reproductive system ducts, development of external genitalia, and the testes descend.

27
Q

What is the purpose of sertoli cells in the seminferous tubules?

A

to provide nutrients to dividing cells, transport of cells, secretion of testicular fluid, prevents sperm antigens from escaping into the blood stream.

28
Q

When is testosterone first developed? What determines whether a fetus is male or female? What occurs when testosterone is released?

A

Testosterone is produced in early development, before birth. A single gene on the Y chromosome initiates testes development in week 7. testes start to release testosterone which begins development of reproductive system ducts, development of external genitalia, and the testes descend.

29
Q

What are the physical effects of testosterone

A

-enlargement of the sex organs and development of sex characteristics: Wide shoulders and narrow hips, pubic, axillary, and facial hair, thick skin and increased sebaceous gland activity, enlargement of the thyroid cartilage (adams apple) and deeper voice.

30
Q

Effects of testosterone on sexual behaviour and metabolism

A

spermatogenesis begins, and produce a sex drive. (in females androgens are secreted by adrenal cortex).
Effects on metabolism are anabolic meaning protein synthesis = increased muscle mass and bone density as well as epiphyseal plate closure which happens in late adolescents.

31
Q
  1. Name the epithelial layer which covers the ovaries.

2. Another name for a mature follicle and what is the next stage?

A
  1. Germinal epithelial

2. Graafian follicle which then becomes a secondary oocyte (ovulation)

32
Q

what is a corpus luteum and what does it produce

A

the remnants of an ovulated follicle and it produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibins.
It degenerates into a corpus albican

33
Q

What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes

A
  • to transport the ova to the uterus
  • normal fertilization
  • contains fimbriae which are finger like projections that cover the ovaries
  • to move the oocyte by ciliated cells and peristaltic contractions
34
Q

What is the function of the uterus

A

menstruation, transportation of spermatozoa, implantation of fertilized ovum, development of fetus, and labour.

35
Q

Layers of the uterus

A
  1. outer perimetrium
  2. middle myometrium: 3 layers. responds to oxycotin during labour
  3. inner endometrium- highly vascularized and broken down into 2 parts: stratum functionalist = part that sheds during menstruation and stratum basalis = gives rise to new stratum functionalist after each menstruation.

Also contains deep endometrial glands to produce early secretions for early embryo

36
Q

what is endometriosis and what are it’s side effects

A

endometriosis is a disease where endometrial tissue grows in the pelvic cavity. It can also grow on ovaries, kidneys, abdominal wall, and urinary bladder. Can lead to inflammation, infertility, and severe premenstrual and menstrual pain.

37
Q

what is the function of the vagina

A
  • it is a passageway for spermatozoa and menstrual flow
  • the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse
  • the lower portion of the birth canal

Has transfers folds for surface area called rugae and a mucous membrane called hymen

38
Q

what are the external structures of the vagina

A
  1. mon pubis= adipose tissue covered in hair
  2. labia majora= outer folds of adipose tissue covered by hair
  3. labia minora= two small inner folds with no hair and no fat
  4. clitoris= erectile tissue
39
Q

what parts of the vagina make up the vestibule

A

between the labia minora and it contains hymen, the vagina orifice, external urethral orifice, and opening of ducts and several glands
the glands produce mucus for lubrication

40
Q

what area makes up the perineum?

A

diamond shaped area on both males and females between the thighs and buttocks. it contains external genitals and anus.

41
Q

what are mammary glands? what mammary glands are in the breasts and what purpose do they serve?

A

mammary glands are modified sweat glands. there are three glands in the breasts.

  1. alveoli= milk secreting cells, clusters in the lobules within the breasts
  2. ducts contain smooth muscle= stimulated by oxytocin to eject milk
  3. lactation= synthesis of milk, secretion and ejection of milk
42
Q

what is fibrocystic disease and what causes it?

A

most common cause of lumps in the breast, one or more cysts causes by thickening of the alveoli

43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of breast cancer

A

changes in size or shape of one or both breasts, unusual or persistent pain in breast or armpit, swelling in armpit or under collar bone, changes in breast skin texture such as puckering or dimpling, or unusual discharge, rash, or crusting from the nipples or surrounding areas.

44
Q

what are the two types of treatment of breast cancer

A

local treatment= remove the breast or lump through surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy) or do radiation treatment
systemic treatment= chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy.

45
Q

What are the 7 stages of follicle development

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicle
  4. Late secondary follicle
  5. vesicular follicle
  6. secondary oocyte
  7. corpus luteum
46
Q

breakdown the ovarian cycle= one month cycle

A
  1. follicle phase- day 1-14 A) development of follicle B) oogenesis
  2. Ovulation at day 14
  3. Luteal phase- day 14-28 (dominated by corpus luteum)
47
Q

What happens during the follicle phase

A

A) primordial follicle becomes primary. Squamous cells become cuboidal and oocytes enlarge
B) primary follicle becomes secondary. follicle cell proliferates. Cell gets multiple layers around oocyte called granulosa cells. these cells ‘tell’ the oocyte to grow
C) Secondary follicle to late secondary. Theca follicula forms. Granulosa cells produce estrogen, oocyte produces zona pellucida and liquid accumulates in follicle
D) secondary to graafian follicle (mature). antrum enlarges, oocyte becomes isolated around day 14, primary follicle completes meiosis 1 and first polar body is formed.

48
Q

in regards to oocytes what happens during ovulation?

A

secondary oocyte is released

49
Q

what happens to the follicles during the luteal phase?

explain what happens if no pregnancy occurs and if pregnancy occurs.

A

ruptured follicle fills with clotted blood, the granulosa cells and the internal theca cells form the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and some estrogen

If no pregnancy occurs: the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albican and continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen.

If pregnancy occurs: the corpus luteum persists

50
Q

what hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?

A
  • gonadotrophin-releasing hormone GnRH
  • luteinizing hormone LH
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin
  • human chorionic gonadotrophin hCG
51
Q

what effect to the hormones have on the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. GnRH stimulate the release of LH and FSH which stimulate the follicle’s growth and maturation and also secrete estrogen. 2. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: moderate levels of estrogen and inhibin act on pituitary gland to inhibit secretion of LH and FSH. they are stockpiled instead. it prevents MORE follicles from developing and already developing follicles still produce estrogen. 3. High estrogen levels now exert positive feedback on the brain and pituitary. 4. surge of LH and some FSH. LH stimulates completion of meiosis, it causes ovulation, and causes conversion of follicles to corpus luteum. if fertilization occurs corpus luteum is maintained by hCG
52
Q

How does the pill work in preventing pregnancy?

A

combination of estrogen and progesterone inhibit the secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.

53
Q

what are the three stages of the uterine cycle, how long does each cycle last and what occurs during these cycles?

A
  1. menstrual phase- day 1-5, stratum functionalis sheds due to decrease in estrogen and progesterone. includes blood, fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells. Arteries constrict and cells die.
  2. proliferation phase. days 6-13. follicle is maturing into graafian follicle and produces estrogen. increased estrogen causes stratum functionalis to rebuild. Ovulation occurs on day 14.
  3. secretory phase- days 15-24. progesterone prepares endometrium for embryo = more blood and nutrients.
54
Q

what happens during menopause

A
  • cessation of ovulation and menstruation
  • in late 40’s estrogen levels drop so ovulation and menstruation become irregular
  • estrogen levels drop, result: repoductive organs and breast atrophy, irritability, hot flashes, thinning of skin, and loss of bone mass.

Bio 133 (6 decks)

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