Chapter 26 Acid-base balance

Question 1

What is the pH range or acidic solutions, alkaline solutions, and neutral solutions?

What is the normal range of pH for blood or in other words the homeostatic range for plasma?

Answer 1

Acidic= pH 0.00-6.99
Alkaline= pH 7.01-14
Neutral= pH 7.00

Normal range or homeostatic range for plasma is 7.35-7.45

Question 2

Origin of Acidity:

4 examples of acidity breakdown in the body.

Answer 2

1. breakdown of protein containing phosphorous —–> phosphoric acid into ECF
2. Lactid acid production by anaerobic respiratory
3. Metabolism of fats —–> fatty acids and ketone bodies
4. C02 entry into blood and HCO3- production

Question 3

what 3 ways do our bodies regulate H+ concentration?

Answer 3

1. chemical buffers are the first line of defence. they act within a fraction of a second.
2. Brainstem respiratory control is a second line of defence. takes longer- about 1-3 minutes. changes in breathing compensate for acidosis or alkalosis.
3. renal mechanisms are also a second line of defence. kidneys most potent acid/base regulator but requires hours to days to alter blood pH

Question 4

describe how H+ regulators work and examples.

Answer 4

chemical buffers try to resist changes in pH. If pH drops, buffers bind to H+, if pH rises, buffers release H+. There are 3 chemical buffers in the body: bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer.

Question 5

describe how chemical buffers work, what the chemical buffers are and describe the role each buffer has on the body.

Answer 5

chemical buffers try to resist changes in pH. If pH drops, buffers bind to H+, if pH rises, buffers release H+. There are 3 chemical buffers in the body: bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer.
Bicarbonate buffer system:

Question 6

strong acids dissociate into ions where weak acids do not.

Answer 6

example of a strong base is HCl which dissociates into H+ and Cl-
example of a weak base is H2CO3 which does not dissociate completely

Question 7

describe how chemical buffers work, what the chemical buffers are.

Answer 7

chemical buffers try to resist changes in pH. If pH drops, buffers bind to H+, if pH rises, buffers release H+. There are 3 chemical buffers in the body: bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer.

Question 8

describe how the bicarbonate buffer regulates pH

Answer 8

bicarbonate buffer: if strong acid is added reaction will move to the write. bicarbonate ions mop up excess H+ and forms more carbonic acid. Strong acid is converted to weak acid so pH does not change. If strong base is added to the reaction we efficiently dilute the solution making H20 and replace the strong base with a weak one so the pH does not rise much.

Question 9

what is hyperventilation and what does it cause in regards to pH

what is hypoventilation and what does it cause in regards to pH

Answer 9

hyperventilation is low levels of carbon dioxide. this causes respiratory alkalosis > 7.45

hypoventilation is when you have too much carbon dioxide and causes respiratory acidosis

Question 10

Respiratory regulation of H+: what is the equation for carbon dioxide entering the body and what is the effect?

what effect does carbonic anhydrous and hypercapnia have?

Answer 10

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

CO2 diffuses into RBC’s and combines with water to produce carbonic acid which quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions and and bicarbonate.

in RBC’s carbonic anhydrous reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

hypercapnia is high CO2. it increases respiratory rate and depth to get rid of CO2. high H+ will cause some response.

Question 11

what role do the kidneys play in regulating pH

Answer 11

d