Chapter 27 Prokaryotes

Question 1

Prokaryote

Answer 1

single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles

Question 2

Eukaryote

Answer 2

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus within a membrane

Question 3

Gram Positive

Answer 3

bacteria that have relatively simple walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Question 4

Gram Negative

Answer 4

bacteria that have less peptidoglycan in their cell walls and are structurally more complex

Question 5

Obligate Aerobe

Answer 5

must use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it

Question 6

Obligate Anaerobe

Answer 6

poisoned by O2

Question 7

Facultative Anaerobe

Answer 7

use O2 if it is present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration in an anaerobic environment

Question 8

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 8

• binary fission, a single prokaryotic cell turns into 2, which turns into 4, 8, 16, etc.
• mutation, transformation, transduction, conjugation, and horizontal gene transfer are ways that genetic diversity occurs in prokaryotes

Question 9

Transformation

Answer 9

the genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings

Question 10

Transduction

Answer 10

phages (short for “bacteriophages,” the viruses that infect bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
- usually accidental

Question 11

Conjugation

Answer 11

DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined
- F+ cells that contain the F plasmid donate their DNA to F- cells

Question 12

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 12

the transfer of genes between unrelated organisms through transformation, transduction, and/or conjugation

Question 13

Recombinant Cell

Answer 13

a cell whose chromosome contains DNA derived from two different cells

Question 14

How do we currently target bacteria?

Answer 14

antibiotics