Chapter 27: Memory, Consciousness, and Intellect Flashcards
first information
Piece of parietal and all of temporal lobe are involved in memory, consciousness, and intellect
Working memory
temporary storage, we put an idea or something in temporary storage because we are going to come back and think about it again in a short time. (we use it all the time when driving- road condition, cars in front and around you, light status, pedestrians, and those around the road environment).
*maintains goal relevant information for a short time.
Short term potentiation- neural network gets energized and stays energized for a short period of time and it fades away.
*language- have to remember what you said, what they said, the back and forth of language.
Working memory
Prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal cortex-
spinning plates analogy. have to go back to what we are temporarily stored to keep it going or else it will stop.
*can actually last quite a long time- where I parked my car
Parts of the brain that serve working memory
- Executive function brain
- tuning fork- temporoparietal association cortex- in between the somatosensation, visual, and auditory association areas.
Declarative memory
Facts, events, concepts, and locations
explicit
-*practice (repetition) is essential
things that I can explicitly express to you. What I can remember and declare.
-creation of declarative memories requires repetition (flashcards) and we hope to create long term potentiation to create declarative memories
declarative memory- Encoding
Enhanced by paying attention, emotional arousal, link new information to other information and reviewing
1) Have to have something we want to remember, receiving something and attending to something that can be remembered, is enhanced by emotional arousal, enhanced when we can link new association with old association.
2) receiving of information that we make a choice to remember.
effected by fatigue and arousal.
Declarative memory- consolidation
Stabilizes memory- repeat something we want to remember (start LTP process).
- start to remodel the synapse (can take minutes or hours) create new memory
- Most important thing for us is systems consolidation- putting away for long term storage in a filing cabinet.
- The medial temporal lobe underneath our temporal lobe is the most important part of our brain for putting memories away for long term storage, structure called hippocampus is the piece that puts is away.
- hippocampus does its work especially when we sleep.
Declarative memory- Retrieval
try to retrieve it and executive function brain finds its location in file cabinet and pulls it out.
- Periodically make ourselves go and get that memory out of storage
- Going back over what we have previously put into storage and pull it out.
All steps are the creation of a declarative memory.
Declarative memory
-Lateral prefrontal cortex makes decision I want to remember this.
- The MTL- tucked underneath the temporal lobe (deep)- says to the temporoparietal association cortex- “what are all of the details about what I want to remember”
- To integrate all of the aspects of what we want to remember (sensory integration=TPAC- puts into long term storage, to frame what it is that we want to remember and hippocampus puts it away into long term storage.
- requires a lot of repetition, sleep is critical for putting away into long term memory.
- One type of amnesia due to damage of temporal lobe (sits in bony cup)- impact injuries can cause temporal lobe to bounce forward off of bone of the skull and can damage the medial temporal lobe and will be harder to build declarative memories.
declarative memory-
emotions and memory are stored in similar part of the brain
Declarative memory- Episodic vs semantic
Episodic- specific personal events (dinner with friends).
- We remember things that we did, I can remember last night
Semantic- common knowledge not based on personal experience (name of the frontal lobe)
-facts, create memory trace and a semantic memory.
*When we talk about building declarative memories we are often talking about semantic memories.
Procedural memory
- Skills and habits (implicit) we can do them but we don’t talk about or describe them (walking)- have the ability to walk without the ability to explicitly describe it to you.
- Sleep and repetition are critical for building procedural memories.
Stages:
- Cognitive (what to do)- get an idea of the task (learning to walk after CVA)- shift weight, contract hip, put leg forward, etc.) figures out what to do
- Associative (how to do it)- as you get a little bit better. Get better and more efficient at doing task (knows what to do but its not easy).
- Automatic (do it)- learned to walk so well that he can walk and do other stuff (wave at others while walking.
Test- walkie talkie test- walk and do other tasks, if can then they have automatic, if they cant then they are one of the other stages.
Procedural memory
Different brain areas for different procedural memory.
Frontal lobe- helps make the decision that I want to do that. Monitoring somatosensation and basal ganglia has the motor loop with the frontal lobe. (motor learning has to involve basal ganglia)
Storage- Basal ganglia with supplemental motor area (motor loop) what gets strengthened when we learn how to do stuff.
Adjustments to environmental changes- Cerebellum helps keep you coordinated, parietal helps you sense, and cortex helps you do.
*stored in basal ganglia
Memory
Declarative memory deficit= Amnesia
- Retrograde (lose “old” memories)- not what we will see
- Anterograde (cant make “new” memories)
Declarative and procedural memories are created and stored in different areas of the brain.
Treatment strategies- supplement bad memory by providing reference lists, orient them, provide information, constantly prompt them to build memories (question them), provide repetitions.
memory tracts
Declarative memories go front to back
Procedural memories are up and down (basal ganglia up to the motor cortex)
Person who has had a TBI and cannot remember new things can still get better because their motor learning is still intact (just because they cannot remember your name does not mean they cant still make progress on motor abilities because done in a different part of the brain)
